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arXiv:2504.06218 · Physical Review A

Role of mechanical effects on the excitation spectra of microwave-dressed Rydberg states in a cold atomic cloud

H. Failache, Juan A. Muniz, L. Velazco, D. Talento, A. Lezama

Published Jun 30, 2025• 2 citations
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Abstract

We explore the excitation spectra of cold 87Rb atoms to the 55D_3/2 Rydberg state in the presence of microwave (MW) radiation as a function of MW frequency. The spectra reveal several features around the transition-frequencies between adjacent Rydberg states. We argue that some of these features are indicative of variations in the Rydberg excitation probability while others result from the removal of atoms from the cold cloud as a consequence of a MW induced strong dipole-dipole inter-atomic force. Our claim is supported by experimental observations and theoretical modeling.

DOI
10.1103/fqjy-fhm2

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We explore the excitation spectra of cold 87Rb atoms to the 55D_3/2 Rydberg state in the presence of microwave (MW) radiation as a function of MW frequency. The spectra reveal several features around the transition-frequencies between adjacent Rydberg states. We argue that some of these features are indicative of variations in the Rydberg excitation probability while others result from the removal of atoms from the cold cloud as a consequence of a MW induced strong dipole-dipole inter-atomic force. Our claim is supported by experimental observations and theoretical modeling.
The effect of microwave radiation on the resonance fluorescence of a cloud of cold 85 Rb atoms in a magnetooptical trap is studied. The radiation frequency was tuned near the hyperfine splitting frequency of rubidium atoms in the 5S ground state. The microwave field induced magnetic dipole transitions between the magnetic sublevels of the 5S ( F =2) and 5S ( F =3) states, resulting in a change in the fluorescence signal. The resonance fluorescence spectra were recorded by tuning the microwave radiation frequency. The observed spectra were found to be substantially dependent on the transition under study and the frequency of a repump laser used in the cooling scheme.
Applicability of Rydberg atoms to quantum computers is examined from experimental point of view. In many theoretical proposals appeared recently, excitation of atoms into highly excited Rydberg states was considered as a way to achieve quantum entanglement in cold atomic ensembles via dipole-dipole interaction that could be strong for Rydberg atoms. Appropriate conditions to realize a conditional quantum phase have been analyzed. We also present the results of modeling experiments on microwave spectroscopy of single- and multi-atom excitations at the one-photon 37S-37P and two-photon 37S-38S transitions in an ensemble of a few sodium Rydberg atoms. The microwave spectra were investigated for various final states of the ensemble initially prepared in its ground state. The quantum NOT operation with single atoms was found to be affected by the Doppler effect and fluctuations of the microwave field. The spectrum of full excitation of several Rydberg atoms was found to be much narrower than that of a single atom. This effect might be useful for the high-resolution spectroscopy. The results may be also applied to the studies on collective laser excitation of ground-state atoms aiming to realize quantum gates.
Abstract We have observed the Rabi oscillations of the population of 87 Rb atoms in the hyperfine ground state, when a cold atom cloud prepared in the hyperfine ground state (F = 1) was exposed to a microwave (MW) radiation field resonant to the |F = 1, m F = 0 > → |F = 2, m F = 0 > transition. After exposure to MW field, the atom cloud was imaged using the absorption probe method, and the cloud images have revealed that the population excited to the hyperfine state (F = 2) varied with the position in the atom cloud. At a given position in the atom cloud, the excited population shows Rabi oscillations between two hyperfine states with an increase in the MW field exposure time. Using these Rabi oscillations, the amplitude of the microwave magnetic field was estimated, which showed good agreement with the calculated field values. PACS numbers: 32.80.Pj, 33.55.Be, 67.85.-d.
Laser-cooled 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb atoms were optically excited to 46d5∕246{d}_{5∕2}46d5∕2​ Rydberg states. A microwave pulse transferred a fraction of the atoms to the 47p3∕247{p}_{3∕2}47p3∕2​ Rydberg state. The resonant electric dipole-dipole interactions between atoms in these two states were probed using the linewidth of the two-photon microwave transition $46{d}_{5∕2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}47{d}_{5∕2}$. The presence of a weak magnetic field $\ensuremath{\approx}0.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{G}$ reduced the observed line broadening, indicating that the interaction is suppressed by the field. The field removes some of the energy degeneracies responsible for the resonant interaction, and this is the basis for a quantitative model of the resulting suppression. A technique for the calibration of magnetic field strengths using the $34{s}_{1∕2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}34{p}_{1∕2}$ one-photon transition is also presented.
Applicability of Rydberg atoms to quantum computers is examined from experimental point of view. In many theoretical proposals appeared recently, excitation of atoms into highly excited Rydberg states was considered as a way to achieve quantum entanglement in cold atomic ensembles via dipole-dipole interaction that could be strong for Rydberg atoms. Appropriate conditions to realize a conditional quantum phase gate have been analyzed. We also present the results of modeling experiments on microwave spectroscopy of single- and multi-atom excitations at the one-photon 37S-37P and two-photon 37S-38S transitions in an ensemble of a few sodium Rydberg atoms. The microwave spectra were investigated for various final states of the ensemble initially prepared in its ground state. The quantum NOT operation with single atoms was found to be affected by the Doppler effect and fluctuations of the microwave field. The spectrum of full excitation of several Rydberg atoms was much narrower than that of a single atom. This effect might be useful for the high-resolution spectroscopy. The results may be also applied to the studies on collective laser excitation of ground-state atoms aiming to realize quantum gates.
We consider two clouds of ground-state alkali atoms in two distinct hyperfine ground states. Each level is far off-resonantly coupled to a Rydberg state, which leads to dressed ground states with a weak admixture of the Rydberg state properties. Due to this admixture, for a proper choice of the Rydberg states, the atoms experience resonant dipole–dipole interactions that induce mechanical forces acting on all atoms within both clouds. This behaviour is in contrast to the dynamics predicted for bare dipole–dipole interactions between Rydberg superatoms, where only a single atom per cloud is subject to dipole–dipole induced motion (Möbius et al 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 012716).