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arXiv:2503.23755 · Nature Materials

Large-scale quantum dot–lithium niobate hybrid integrated photonic circuits enabling on-chip quantum networking

Xudong Wang, Xiuqi Zhang, Bowen Chen, Yifan Zhu, Yuanhao Qin, Lin Dong, Jiachen Cai, Dongchen Sui, Jinbo Wu, Quan Zhang, Runze Liu, Yong-Heng Huo, Jin Liu, Xin Ou, Jiaxiang Zhang

Published Nov 4, 2025• 21 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1038/s41563-025-02398-1

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Quantum transducers are key components for hybrid quantum networks, enabling the transfer of quantum states between microwave and optical photons. In the quantum community, many efforts have focused on creating and verifying the entanglement between microwave and optical fields in systems that typically operate at temperatures in the millikelvin range. Our goal is to develop an integrated microwave optical entanglement device based on a lithium niobate whispering gallery mode resonator (WGMR). To investigate the feasibility of developing such an integrated device, first, a passive photonic integrated circuit (PIC) was designed, fabricated, and characterized. The PIC was developed on a thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) on an insulator platform, and it includes eight ring resonators and four asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometers. This paper presents the design and operational principles of the integrated device for microwave–optical entanglement, as well as the results of the characterization of the passive PIC.
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