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arXiv:2503.22187 · Physical Review A

Enhanced charging in multibattery systems by nonreciprocity

Huawei Zhao, Yong Qi Xie, Xinyao Huang, Guo‐Feng Zhang

Published Jul 31, 2025• 5 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum batteries (QBs), harnessing quantum systems to transfer and store energy, have garnered substantial attention recently, enabling potentials in enhanced charging capacity, increased charging power, and device miniaturization. However, constrained by the weak interaction between the quantum nodes, the implementations of QB networks exhibit limited charging performance. In this work, we propose an efficient approach to improving charging in multibattery systems by capitalizing on nonreciprocity. By constructing non-Hermitian Aharonov-Bohm triangles to establish unidirectional energy transfer in both cascaded and parallel configurations, we can achieve a significant enhancement of the stored energy in QBs under weak interaction. Remarkably, the nonreciprocal cascaded setups display an exponentially increasing gain in the battery energy as the charging distance lengthens compared to the reciprocal counterparts. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nonreciprocity can also lead to the same enhancement in the charging power of QBs, accelerating the charging processes. Our findings provide a practical pathway for enhancing the charging performance of QBs and exhibit the potentials for constructing efficient QB networks.

DOI
10.1103/fbv7-m7sd

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Quantum batteries (QBs), harnessing quantum systems to transfer and store energy, have garnered substantial attention recently, enabling potentials in enhanced charging capacity, increased charging power, and device miniaturization. However, constrained by the weak interaction between the quantum nodes, the implementations of QB networks exhibit limited charging performance. In this work, we propose an efficient approach to improving charging in multibattery systems by capitalizing on nonreciprocity. By constructing non-Hermitian Aharonov-Bohm triangles to establish unidirectional energy transfer in both cascaded and parallel configurations, we can achieve a significant enhancement of the stored energy in QBs under weak interaction. Remarkably, the nonreciprocal cascaded setups display an exponentially increasing gain in the battery energy as the charging distance lengthens compared to the reciprocal counterparts. Furthermore, we demonstrate that nonreciprocity can also lead to the same enhancement in the charging power of QBs, accelerating the charging processes. Our findings provide a practical pathway for enhancing the charging performance of QBs and exhibit the potentials for constructing efficient QB networks.
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The realization of scalable quantum battery architectures requires concern not only with how much energy can be stored, but also with how energy is transported, distributed, and converted into extractable work across connected battery nodes. While previous studies mainly focused on collective charging in multi-cell quantum batteries, the topology-dependent transport law and the corresponding work-oriented performance of quantum battery networks remain largely unexplored. In this work, we investigate quantum battery networks with engineered reciprocal and nonreciprocal couplings and compare different connection topologies, including cascaded and parallel architectures, within a unified transport framework. In the nonreciprocal regime, the optimal coupling follows distinct scaling laws for the two connection topologies, namely Jopc∝NJ_{\rm op}^{c}\propto NJopc​∝N for cascaded transport and Jopp∝N−1/2J_{\rm op}^{p}\propto N^{-1/2}Jopp​∝N−1/2 for parallel charging in the large-NNN limit. In reciprocal cascaded networks, a parity-dependent spectral response produces an odd-even transport effect that is absent in the nonreciprocal and parallel configurations. We further analyze the role of thermal and squeezed reservoirs and show that thermal noise mainly increases passive energy, whereas squeezing enhances ergotropy and thus the useful fraction of stored energy. These results shift the emphasis from charging enhancement to transport engineering and provide architecture-level design principles for quantum battery networks.
We propose a scheme to achieve a nonreciprocal quantum battery (QB) in the non-Hermitian (NH) system, which can overcome the intrinsic dissipation and reverse flow constraints. The design is based on a charger and a battery, which are coherently coupled and jointly interact with a bad cavity. By introducing the auxiliary bad cavity and exploiting the nonreciprocal condition, this model can harness the environmental dissipation to suppress the reverse energy transfer. Under resonant conditions, we have achieved a four ratio of the battery energy to the charger energy; in contrast, this ratio is significantly reduced under large detuning. Through damping optimization, high efficiency of the short-time charging power is attained. In comparison to the fully nonreciprocal scheme, the QB operating at the exceptional point (EP) exhibits greater resilience to parameter fluctuations. These findings highlight the potential of NH quantum engineering for advancing QB technology, particularly in regimes involving directional energy transfer, controlled dissipation, and entropy management in open quantum systems.
Abstract We propose a scheme to achieve a nonreciprocal quantum battery (QB) in the non-Hermitian (NH) system, which can overcome the intrinsic dissipation and reverse flow constraints. The design is based on a charger and a battery, which are coherently coupled and jointly interact with a bad cavity. By introducing the auxiliary bad cavity and exploiting the nonreciprocal condition, this model can harness the environmental dissipation to suppress the reverse energy transfer. Under resonant conditions, we have achieved a four ratio of the battery energy to the charger energy; in contrast, this ratio is significantly reduced under large detuning. Through damping optimization, high efficiency of the short-time charging power is attained. In comparison to the fully nonreciprocal scheme, the QB operating at the exceptional point (EP) exhibits greater resilience to parameter fluctuations. These findings highlight the potential of NH quantum engineering for advancing QB technology, particularly in regimes involving directional energy transfer, controlled dissipation, and entropy management in open quantum systems.
Quantum batteries have attracted significant attention as efficient quantum energy storage devices.In this work, we propose a nonlinear two-photon driving quantum battery model featuring nonreciprocal dynamics that enables a highly efficient unidirectional charging mechanism through environmental engineering. Using a Markovian master-equation approach, we derive analytical solutions for the system dynamics and identify the parameter regime required for dynamical equilibration. Our results reveal that increasing the driving strength enhances both energy conversion and storage efficiency, albeit at the cost of longer equilibration times. Compared with single-photon driving, the two-photon process exhibits a pronounced advantage in energy capacity and entropy regulation, which becomes more prominent under stronger driving. Under asymmetric dissipation, optimizing the system-bath coupling can further improve performance. The proposed model is experimentally feasible and can be implemented across multiple quantum platforms, including photonic systems, superconducting circuits, and magnonic devices.
Nonreciprocity, arising from the breaking of time-reversal symmetry, has become a fundamental tool in diverse quantum technology applications. It enables directional flow of signals and efficient noise suppression, constituting a key element in the architecture of current quantum information and computing systems. Here we explore its potential in optimizing the charging dynamics of a quantum battery. By introducing nonreciprocity through reservoir engineering during the charging process, we induce a directed energy flow from the quantum charger to the battery, resulting in a substantial increase in energy accumulation. Despite local dissipation, the nonreciprocal approach demonstrates a fourfold increase in battery energy compared to conventional charger-battery systems. This effect is observed in the stationary limit and remains applicable even in overdamped coupling regimes, eliminating the need for precise temporal control over evolution parameters. Our result can be extended to a chiral network of quantum nodes, serving as a multicell quantum battery system to enhance storage capacity. The proposed approach is straightforward to implement using current state-of-the-art quantum circuits, both in photonics and superconducting quantum systems. In a broader context, the concept of nonreciprocal charging has significant implications for sensing, energy capture, and storage technologies or studying quantum thermodynamics.