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arXiv:2503.04553

The Bose polaron as thermometer of a trapped Bose gas: a quantum Monte Carlo study

Tomasz Wasak, Gerard Pascual, Gregory E. Astrakharchik, Jordi Boronat, Antonio Negretti

Published Mar 6, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum impurities interacting with quantum environments offer unique insights into many-body systems. Here, we explore the thermometric potential of a neutral impurity immersed in a harmonically trapped bosonic quantum gas below the Bose-Einstein condensation critical temperature $T_c$. Using ab-initio Path Integral Monte Carlo simulations at finite temperatures, we analyze the impurity's sensitivity to temperature changes by exploiting experimentally accessible observables such as its spatial distribution. Our results, covering a temperature range of $-1.1 \leqslant T/T_c \leqslant 0.9$, reveal that the impurity outperforms estimations based on a one-species bath at lower temperatures, achieving relative precision of 3-4\% for 1000 measurement repetitions. While non-zero boson-impurity interaction strength $g_{BI}$ slightly reduces the accuracy, the impurity's performance remains robust, especially in the low-temperature regime $T/T_c \lesssim 0.45$ withing the analyzed interaction strengths $0 \leqslant g_{BI}/g \leqslant 5$, where $g$ is the boson-boson coupling. We confirm that quantum optical models can capture rather well the dependence of the temperature sensor on the impurity-gas interaction. Although our findings are in qualitative agreement with previous studies, our Monte Carlo simulations offer improved precision. We find that the maximum likelihood estimation protocol approaches the precision comparable to the limit set by the Quantum Fisher Information bound. Finally, using the Hellinger distance method, we directly extract the Fisher information and find that, by exploiting the extremum order statistics, impurities far from the trap center are more sensitive to thermal effects than those close to the trap center.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2503.04553

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The Bose polaron has attracted theoretical and experimental interest because the mobile impurity is surrounded by a bath that undergoes a superfluid-to-normal phase transition. Although many theoretical works have studied this system in its ground state, only a few analyze its behavior at finite temperature. We have studied the effect of temperature on a Bose polaron system performing ab initio path integral Monte Carlo simulations. This method is able to approach the critical temperature without losing accuracy, in contrast with perturbative approximations. We have calculated the polaron energy for the repulsive and attractive branches and we have observed an asymmetric behavior between the two branches. When the potential is repulsive, the polaron energy decreases when the temperature increases, and contrariwise for the attractive branch. Our results for the effective mass and the dynamical structure factor of the polaron show unambiguously that its quasiparticle nature disappears close to the critical temperature, in agreement with recent experimental findings. Finally, we have also estimated the fraction of bosons in the condensate as well as the superfluid fraction, and we have concluded that the impurity hinders the condensation of the rest of bosons.

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We study the thermal properties of impurities embedded in a repulsive Bose gas under a harmonic trapping potential. In order to obtain the exact structural properties in this inhomogeneous many-body system, we resort to the path-integral Monte Carlo method. We find that, at low temperatures, a single impurity is expelled to the edges of the bath cloud if the impurity-boson coupling constant is larger than the boson-boson one. However, when the temperature is increased, but still in the Bose-condensed phase, the impurity occupies the center of the trap and, thus, the system becomes miscible. This thermal-induced miscibility crossover is also observed for a finite concentration of impurities in this inhomogeneous system. We find that the transition temperature for miscibility depends on the impurity-boson interaction and we indicate a different nondestructive method to measure the temperature of a system based on the studied phenomenon. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

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The Bose polaron has attracted theoretical and experimental interest because the mobile impurity is surrounded by a bath that undergoes a superfluid-to-normal phase transition. Although many theoretical works have studied this system in its ground state, only a few analyze its behavior at finite temperature. We have studied the effect of temperature on a Bose polaron system performing ab initio path integral Monte Carlo simulations. This method is able to approach the critical temperature without losing accuracy, in contrast with perturbative approximations. We have calculated the polaron energy for the repulsive and attractive branches and we have observed an asymmetric behavior between the two branches. When the potential is repulsive, the polaron energy decreases when the temperature increases, and contrariwise for the attractive branch. Our results for the effective mass and the dynamical structure factor of the polaron show unambiguously that its quasiparticle nature disappears close to the critical temperature, in agreement with recent experimental findings. Finally, we have also estimated the fraction of bosons in the condensate as well as the superfluid fraction, and we have concluded that the impurity hinders the condensation of the rest of bosons.

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Quantum Monte Carlo studies of impurities in Bose gases at finite temperature and in the Fermi-hubbard model

Gerard Pascual

(English) This Thesis explores the behavior of impurities embedded in Bose and Fermi systems, addressing both ground-state properties and thermal effects. We investigate these phenomena through advanced computational methods, such as Path Integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) and determinant diagrammatic Monte Carlo algorithms, providing insights into the interplay between impurity dynamics and many-body quantum effects. First, we examine the Bose polaron, i.e., an impurity in a Bose bath, focusing on its behavior near the critical temperature. Using ab-initio PIMC simulations, we study the temperature dependence of the polaron energy, effective mass, and dynamic structure factor for both repulsive and attractive branches. Our results show that quasiparticle characteristics are lost near the critical temperature, consistent with experimental findings. Additionally, we analyze the impact of impurities on the Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity of the Bose bath. 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A bajas temperaturas, una fuerte repulsión entre la impureza y los bosones expulsa a la primera hacia los bordes de la trampa, mientras que, al aumentar la temperatura, se produce un cambio de miscibilidad y la impureza se desplaza hacia el centro de la trampa. Identificamos una transición de miscibilidad dependiente de la temperatura y proponemos un método no destructivo para la medición de la temperatura en experimentos. También estudiamos mezclas repulsivas de bosones de dos componentes en una caja finita. Nuestras simulaciones PIMC revelan dos comportamientos térmicos diferenciados: para estados separados a temperatura cero, la difusión térmica incrementa la miscibilidad, mientras que, para estados miscibles, emerge un máximo de separación local inducido por la temperatura debido al efecto de bunching propio del condensado. Finalmente, analizamos un gas de Fermi bidimensional en una red con una impureza de spin down que interacciona atractivamente con fermiones de spin up. 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•Apr 24, 2025•0 citations

Fate of the Bose polaron at finite temperature

Bernard Field, Jesper Levinsen, Meera M. Parish

We consider an impurity immersed in a Bose-Einstein condensate with tunable boson-impurity interactions. Such a Bose polaron has recently been predicted to exhibit an intriguing energy spectrum at finite temperature, where the ground-state quasiparticle evenly splits into two branches as the temperature is increased from zero [Guenther et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 050405 (2018)]. To investigate this theoretical prediction, we employ a recently developed variational approach that systematically includes multibody correlations between the impurity and the finite-temperature medium, thus allowing us to go beyond previous finite-temperature methods. Crucially, we find that the number of quasiparticle branches is simply set by the number of hole excitations of the thermal cloud, such that including up to one hole yields one splitting, two holes yields two splittings, and so on. Moreover, this effect is independent of the impurity mass. We thus expect that the exact ground-state quasiparticle will evolve into a single broad peak for temperatures $T>0$, with a broadening that scales as ${T}^{3/4}$ at low temperatures and sufficiently weak boson-boson interactions. In the zero-temperature limit, we show that our calculated ground-state polaron energy is in excellent agreement with recent quantum Monte Carlo results and with experiments.

arXiv:1910.02620•Physical Review A•Jan 21, 2020•49 citations
Quantum impurities interacting with quantum environments offer unique insights into many-body systems. Here, we explore the thermometric potential of a neutral impurity immersed in a harmonically trapped bosonic quantum gas below the Bose-Einstein condensation critical temperature TcT_cTc​. Using ab-initio Path Integral Monte Carlo simulations at finite temperatures, we analyze the impurity's sensitivity to temperature changes by exploiting experimentally accessible observables such as its spatial distribution. Our results, covering a temperature range of −1.1⩽T/Tc⩽0.9-1.1 \leqslant T/T_c \leqslant 0.9−1.1⩽T/Tc​⩽0.9, reveal that the impurity outperforms estimations based on a one-species bath at lower temperatures, achieving relative precision of 3-4% for 1000 measurement repetitions. While non-zero boson-impurity interaction strength gBIg_{BI}gBI​ slightly reduces the accuracy, the impurity's performance remains robust, especially in the low-temperature regime T/Tc≲0.45T/T_c \lesssim 0.45T/Tc​≲0.45 withing the analyzed interaction strengths 0⩽gBI/g⩽50 \leqslant g_{BI}/g \leqslant 50⩽gBI​/g⩽5, where ggg is the boson-boson coupling. We confirm that quantum optical models can capture rather well the dependence of the temperature sensor on the impurity-gas interaction. Although our findings are in qualitative agreement with previous studies, our Monte Carlo simulations offer improved precision. We find that the maximum likelihood estimation protocol approaches the precision comparable to the limit set by the Quantum Fisher Information bound. Finally, using the Hellinger distance method, we directly extract the Fisher information and find that, by exploiting the extremum order statistics, impurities far from the trap center are more sensitive to thermal effects than those close to the trap center.
The Bose polaron has attracted theoretical and experimental interest because the mobile impurity is surrounded by a bath that undergoes a superfluid-to-normal phase transition. Although many theoretical works have studied this system in its ground state, only a few analyze its behavior at finite temperature. We have studied the effect of temperature on a Bose polaron system performing ab initio path integral Monte Carlo simulations. This method is able to approach the critical temperature without losing accuracy, in contrast with perturbative approximations. We have calculated the polaron energy for the repulsive and attractive branches and we have observed an asymmetric behavior between the two branches. When the potential is repulsive, the polaron energy decreases when the temperature increases, and contrariwise for the attractive branch. Our results for the effective mass and the dynamical structure factor of the polaron show unambiguously that its quasiparticle nature disappears close to the critical temperature, in agreement with recent experimental findings. Finally, we have also estimated the fraction of bosons in the condensate as well as the superfluid fraction, and we have concluded that the impurity hinders the condensation of the rest of bosons.
We study the thermal properties of impurities embedded in a repulsive Bose gas under a harmonic trapping potential. In order to obtain the exact structural properties in this inhomogeneous many-body system, we resort to the path-integral Monte Carlo method. We find that, at low temperatures, a single impurity is expelled to the edges of the bath cloud if the impurity-boson coupling constant is larger than the boson-boson one. However, when the temperature is increased, but still in the Bose-condensed phase, the impurity occupies the center of the trap and, thus, the system becomes miscible. This thermal-induced miscibility crossover is also observed for a finite concentration of impurities in this inhomogeneous system. We find that the transition temperature for miscibility depends on the impurity-boson interaction and we indicate a different nondestructive method to measure the temperature of a system based on the studied phenomenon. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
The Bose polaron has attracted theoretical and experimental interest because the mobile impurity is surrounded by a bath that undergoes a superfluid-to-normal phase transition. Although many theoretical works have studied this system in its ground state, only a few analyze its behavior at finite temperature. We have studied the effect of temperature on a Bose polaron system performing ab initio path integral Monte Carlo simulations. This method is able to approach the critical temperature without losing accuracy, in contrast with perturbative approximations. We have calculated the polaron energy for the repulsive and attractive branches and we have observed an asymmetric behavior between the two branches. When the potential is repulsive, the polaron energy decreases when the temperature increases, and contrariwise for the attractive branch. Our results for the effective mass and the dynamical structure factor of the polaron show unambiguously that its quasiparticle nature disappears close to the critical temperature, in agreement with recent experimental findings. Finally, we have also estimated the fraction of bosons in the condensate as well as the superfluid fraction, and we have concluded that the impurity hinders the condensation of the rest of bosons.
Two-dimensional quantum gases provide a distinctive setting in which enhanced thermal fluctuations, finite-size effects, and two-body bound-state formation are intrinsically intertwined. In this work, we study a single attractive impurity immersed in a finite, weakly interacting two-dimensional Bose gas, where finite size stabilizes a nonzero condensate fraction by introducing an infrared momentum scale, thereby enabling a Bogoliubov description of the bath. Using a hybrid approach that combines finite-temperature many-body scattering theory with input from path-integral Monte Carlo, we analyze the impurity quasiparticle energy across the condensate and normal regimes. The infrared scale generates a phonon-activation temperature below which the impurity energy remains nearly temperature independent. Once the resolved phonon modes become thermally populated, their contribution competes with condensate depletion, producing a nonmonotonic temperature dependence of the polaron energy. These results suggest that attractive Bose polarons may serve as sensitive probes of finite-size thermal fluctuations, phonon dressing, and bound-state physics in low-dimensional Bose gases.
(English) This Thesis explores the behavior of impurities embedded in Bose and Fermi systems, addressing both ground-state properties and thermal effects. We investigate these phenomena through advanced computational methods, such as Path Integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) and determinant diagrammatic Monte Carlo algorithms, providing insights into the interplay between impurity dynamics and many-body quantum effects. First, we examine the Bose polaron, i.e., an impurity in a Bose bath, focusing on its behavior near the critical temperature. Using ab-initio PIMC simulations, we study the temperature dependence of the polaron energy, effective mass, and dynamic structure factor for both repulsive and attractive branches. Our results show that quasiparticle characteristics are lost near the critical temperature, consistent with experimental findings. Additionally, we analyze the impact of impurities on the Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity of the Bose bath. Next, we address the thermal properties of repulsive impurities in a harmonically trapped Bose gas. At low temperatures, strong impurity-boson repulsion expels the impurity to the trap edges, but increasing temperature induces a miscibility crossover, with the impurity moving to the center of the trap. We identify a temperature-dependent miscibility transition and propose a nondestructive method for temperature measurement based on this phenomenon. We then study two-component repulsive Bose mixtures in a finite box. Our PIMC simulations reveal two distinct thermal behaviors: for phase-separated states at zero temperature, thermal diffusion reduces local population imbalance, while for miscible states, a temperature-induced maximum in local imbalance emerges due to particle bunching and anomalous cross pair distribution behavior. Finally, we analyze a two-dimensional Fermi gas on a lattice with a spin-down impurity interacting attractively with spin-up fermions. Using variational and diagrammatic Monte Carlo methods, we investigate the possibility of a polaron-to-dimeron transition over a range of filling fractions. Our results show that the polaron state remains energetically favorable, maintaining finite quasiparticle residue even at strong interactions. Together, these studies deepen our understanding of impurity physics in quantum systems, shedding light on thermal effects, miscibility, and quasiparticle properties in diverse scenarios. (Català) Aquesta Tesi explora el comportament de les impureses en sistemes bosònics i fermiònics abordant tant les propietats de l'estat fonamental com els efectes tèrmics. Investiguem aquests fenòmens mitjançant mètodes computacionals avançats, com eel Path Integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) i el determinant diagrammatic Monte Carlo, proporcionant informació sobre la interacció entre la dinàmica de les impureses i els efectes quàntics de molts cossos. En primer lloc, examinem el polaró de Bose, és a dir, una impuresa en un bany tèrmic de bosons, centrant-nos en el seu comportament prop de la temperatura crítica. Mitjançant simulacions ab initio amb el PIMC, estudiem la dependència amb la temperatura de l'energia del polaró, la massa efectiva i el factor de estructura dinàmic per a les branques repulsives i atractives. Els nostres resultats mostren que les característiques del quasi-partícula es perden prop de la temperatura crítica, en concordança amb els resultats experimentals. A més, analitzem l'impacte de les impureses en el condensat de Bose-Einstein i en la superfluïdesa del gas de bosons. A continuació, abordem les propietats tèrmiques de les impureses repulsives en un gas de bosons atrapat harmònicament. A temperatures baixes, una forta repulsió entre la impuresa i els bosons expulsa la primera cap a les vores de la trampa mentre que, al incrementar la temperatura, es produeix un canvi de miscibilitat i la impuresa es desplaça cap al centre de la trampa. Identifiquem una transició de miscibilitat dependent de la temperatura i proposem un mètode no destructiu per a la mesura de la temperatura en experiments. També estudiem mescles repulsives de bosons de dues components en una caixa finita. Les nostres simulacions PIMC revelen dos comportaments tèrmics diferenciats: per a estats separats a temperatura zero, la difusió tèrmica incrementa la miscibilitat, mentre que, per a estats miscibles, emergeix un màxim de separació local induït per la temperatura a causa del efecte de bunching propi del condensat. Finalment, analitzem un gas de Fermi bidimensional en una xarxa amb una impuresa de diferent spin down que interacciona atractivament amb fermions de spin up. Utilitzant mètodes variacionals i de Monte Carlo diagramàtic, investiguem la possibilitat d'una transició de polaró a dimeró. Els nostres resultats mostren que l'estat de polaró continua sent energèticament favorable, mantenint un residu de quasi-partícula finit fins i tot en interaccions fortes. En conjunt, aquests estudis aprofundeixen en la comprensió de la física de les impureses en sistemes quàntics, aportant llum sobre els efectes tèrmics, la miscibilitat i les propietats de les quasi-partícules en diversos escenaris. (Español) Esta Tesis explora el comportamiento de las impurezas en sistemas bosónicos y fermiónicos, abordando tanto las propiedades del estado fundamental como los efectos térmicos. Investigamos estos fenómenos mediante métodos computacionales avanzados, como el Path Integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) y el determinant diagrammatic Monte Carlo, proporcionando información sobre la interacción entre la dinámica de las impurezas y los efectos cuánticos de muchos cuerpos. En primer lugar, examinamos el polarón de Bose, es decir, una impureza en un baño térmico de bosones, centrándonos en su comportamiento cerca de la temperatura crítica. Mediante simulaciones ab initio con el PIMC, estudiamos la dependencia con la temperatura de la energía del polarón, la masa efectiva y el factor de estructura dinámico para las ramas repulsivas y atractivas. Nuestros resultados muestran que las características de la cuasipartícula se pierden cerca de la temperatura crítica, en concordancia con los resultados experimentales. Además, analizamos el impacto de las impurezas en el condensado de Bose-Einstein y en la superfluidez del gas de bosones. A continuación, abordamos las propiedades térmicas de las impurezas repulsivas en un gas de bosones atrapado armónicamente. A bajas temperaturas, una fuerte repulsión entre la impureza y los bosones expulsa a la primera hacia los bordes de la trampa, mientras que, al aumentar la temperatura, se produce un cambio de miscibilidad y la impureza se desplaza hacia el centro de la trampa. Identificamos una transición de miscibilidad dependiente de la temperatura y proponemos un método no destructivo para la medición de la temperatura en experimentos. También estudiamos mezclas repulsivas de bosones de dos componentes en una caja finita. Nuestras simulaciones PIMC revelan dos comportamientos térmicos diferenciados: para estados separados a temperatura cero, la difusión térmica incrementa la miscibilidad, mientras que, para estados miscibles, emerge un máximo de separación local inducido por la temperatura debido al efecto de bunching propio del condensado. Finalmente, analizamos un gas de Fermi bidimensional en una red con una impureza de spin down que interacciona atractivamente con fermiones de spin up. Utilizando métodos variacionales y de Monte Carlo diagramático, investigamos la posibilidad de una transición de polarón a dimerón. Nuestros resultados muestran que el estado de polarón sigue siendo energéticamente favorable, manteniendo un residuo de cuasipartícula finito incluso en interacciones fuertes. En conjunto, estos estudios profundizan en la comprensión de la física de las impurezas en sistemas cuánticos, arrojando luz sobre los efectos térmicos, la miscibilidad y las propiedades de las cuasipartículas en diversos escenarios.
We consider an impurity immersed in a Bose-Einstein condensate with tunable boson-impurity interactions. Such a Bose polaron has recently been predicted to exhibit an intriguing energy spectrum at finite temperature, where the ground-state quasiparticle evenly splits into two branches as the temperature is increased from zero [Guenther et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 050405 (2018)]. To investigate this theoretical prediction, we employ a recently developed variational approach that systematically includes multibody correlations between the impurity and the finite-temperature medium, thus allowing us to go beyond previous finite-temperature methods. Crucially, we find that the number of quasiparticle branches is simply set by the number of hole excitations of the thermal cloud, such that including up to one hole yields one splitting, two holes yields two splittings, and so on. Moreover, this effect is independent of the impurity mass. We thus expect that the exact ground-state quasiparticle will evolve into a single broad peak for temperatures T>0T>0T>0, with a broadening that scales as T3/4{T}^{3/4}T3/4 at low temperatures and sufficiently weak boson-boson interactions. In the zero-temperature limit, we show that our calculated ground-state polaron energy is in excellent agreement with recent quantum Monte Carlo results and with experiments.