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arXiv:2502.11261 · Physical Review A

Comment on “Consequences of the single-pair measurement of the Bell parameter”

Marian Kupczyński

Published Oct 30, 2025• 1 citation
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Abstract

Genovese and Piacentini [] claim that, in a recent experiment [S. Virzì , ], the Bell parameter was measured on a single pair of photons, thus challenging several conclusions and discussions on the meaning of Bell inequalities as well as certain quantum mechanical interpretations. We explain that the parameter measured in the experiment of Virzì is not the Bell parameter S , which has been discussed and estimated in many loophole-free tests. Therefore, this experiment neither challenges our understanding of Bell tests nor allows having doubts about Bohr complementarity and contextuality.

DOI
10.1103/hvm8-wtvz

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Comment on “Consequences of the single-pair measurement of the Bell parameter”

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In a recent article [], Genovese and Piacentini analyzed recent experiments measuring what they call “the entire Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (Bell-CHSH) parameter.” They claimed those experiments may have implications for interpreting loophole-free tests of the Bell-CHSH inequality. We explain that the Bell-CHSH inequality is not based on the entire Bell parameter, so these experiments are unrelated to their empirical tests and cannot close any eventual loopholes that might still persist. We point out that the physical meaning of these new experiments measuring the entire Bell parameter could be interpreted differently.

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Reply to “Comments on ‘Consequences of the single-pair measurement of the Bell parameter' ”

Marco Genovese, Fabrizio Piacentini

We reply to the Comments by Kupczynski and Lambare on our recent paper [], questioning our claims on the implications on quantum mechanics interpretations (and alternative theories) generated by the results of a recent experiment [] demonstrating the possibility of measuring the entire Bell parameter on a single entangled pair.

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Genovese and Piacentini [] claim that, in a recent experiment [S. Virzì , ], the Bell parameter was measured on a single pair of photons, thus challenging several conclusions and discussions on the meaning of Bell inequalities as well as certain quantum mechanical interpretations. We explain that the parameter measured in the experiment of Virzì is not the Bell parameter S , which has been discussed and estimated in many loophole-free tests. Therefore, this experiment neither challenges our understanding of Bell tests nor allows having doubts about Bohr complementarity and contextuality.
In a recent article [], Genovese and Piacentini analyzed recent experiments measuring what they call “the entire Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (Bell-CHSH) parameter.” They claimed those experiments may have implications for interpreting loophole-free tests of the Bell-CHSH inequality. We explain that the Bell-CHSH inequality is not based on the entire Bell parameter, so these experiments are unrelated to their empirical tests and cannot close any eventual loopholes that might still persist. We point out that the physical meaning of these new experiments measuring the entire Bell parameter could be interpreted differently.
Bell inequalities represent a milestone for contemporary physics, both for quantum foundation investigations and technological applications (e.g., quantum communication and entanglement certification). Although loophole-free tests have been recently performed, a strong debate is still ongoing on the actual meaning of Bell inequality tests, for example, on the possible additional hypotheses and eventual loopholes to be included in Bell's theorem, as well as on the implications for certain interpretations of quantum mechanics. A recent work [S. Virzì , ] challenges some of the statements appeared in this debate, achieving an experimental estimation of the entire Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (Bell-CHSH) parameter from a single entangled pair owing to a weak-interaction-based measurement approach. Here, we analyze the implications of this result for quantum mechanics foundations investigation, illustrating how it can tackle some of the aforementioned interpretations of Bell inequality tests and, more in general, of quantum mechanics itself.
Abstract Violations of Bell inequalities have been an incontestable indicator of non-classicality since the seminal paper by John Bell. However, recent claims of Bell inequalities violations with classical light have cast some doubts on their significance as hallmarks of non-classicality. Here, we challenge those claims. The crux of the problem is that such classical experiments simulate quantum probabilities with intensities of classical fields. However, fields intensities measurements are radically different from single-photon detections, which are primitives of any genuine Bell experiment. We show that this fundamental difference between field intensities measurements and single photon detections shifts the classical bound of relevant Bell inequalities to its non-signaling limit, leaving no place for their violations.