Orbital entropies, pair entropies and mutual information have become popular tools for the analysis of strongly correlated wave functions. They can quantitatively measure how strongly an orbital (e.g. from the DMRG active space) participates in the strong correlation and reveals the correlation pattern between different orbitals. However, this pattern can become rather complicated and sometimes difficult to interpret for large active spaces and is not invariant with respect to the spin projection (Ms) component of the spin multiplet state. We introduce a modified spin-free orbital entropy, pair entropy and mutual information, which simplify the correlation analysis and are invariant with respect to Ms. By comparing these quantities with their ‘original’ spin-including counterparts, one can distinguish static correlation due to spin couplings from the ‘genuine’ strong correlation due to a multiconfigurational character of the wave function. We illustrate the approach on a model consisting of a non-interacting dimer of triplet diradicals and on a more realistic example of iron-sulphur bound complexes with one and two iron atoms.
Orbital entropies, pair entropies and mutual information have become popular tools for the analysis of strongly correlated wave functions. They can quantitatively measure how strongly an orbital (e.g. from the DMRG active space) participates in the strong correlation and reveals the correlation pattern between different orbitals. However, this pattern can become rather complicated and sometimes difficult to interpret for large active spaces and is not invariant with respect to the spin projection (Ms) component of the spin multiplet state. We introduce a modified spin-free orbital entropy, pair entropy and mutual information, which simplify the correlation analysis and are invariant with respect to Ms. By comparing these quantities with their ‘original’ spin-including counterparts, one can distinguish static correlation due to spin couplings from the ‘genuine’ strong correlation due to a multiconfigurational character of the wave function. We illustrate the approach on a model consisting of a non-interacting dimer of triplet diradicals and on a more realistic example of iron-sulphur bound complexes with one and two iron atoms.
Orbital entropies, pair entropies, and mutual information have become popular tools for analysis of strongly correlated wave functions. They can quantitatively measure how strongly an orbital participates in the electron correlation and reveal the correlation pattern between different orbitals. However, this pattern can become rather complicated and sometimes difficult to interpret for large active spaces and is not invariant with respect to the spin projection (Ms) component of the spin multiplet state. We introduce a modified spin-free orbital entropy, pair entropy, and mutual information, which simplify the correlation analysis and are invariant with respect to Ms. By comparison of these quantities with their "original" spin-including counterparts one can distinguish static correlation due to spin couplings from the "genuine" strong correlation due to a multiconfigurational character of the wave function. Recently, Evangelista introduced mutual correlation computed from the two-body cumulant as an alternative correlation measure, which is easier to compute for some methods. We present here a spin-free analogue of this quantity, which is Ms invariant, and perform a comparison of the entropy-based and cumulant-based correlation measures in both spin-free and original variants. We illustrate the approaches on iron-sulfur bound complexes with one and two iron atoms.
A new tool for the interpretation of multiconfigurational wave functions representing the spin states of exchange-coupled transition metal complexes is introduced. Based on orbital entanglement measures, herein derived from multiconfigurational density matrix renormalization group calculations, the complexity of the wave function is reduced, thus facilitating a connection with established concepts for the interpretation of magnetically coupled systems. We show that the entanglement of localized orbitals with a small basis set is a good representation of the magnetic coupling topology and that it is sensitive to chemical changes in homologous complexes. Furthermore, we introduce a measure for the magnetic relevance of orbitals in the active subspace and a concept for the quantitative comparison of different chemical species. The approach presented here will be easily applicable to higher nuclearity clusters, providing a direct insight into all states of the Heisenberg spin ladder for systems previously accessible only by single-configurational methods.
Wave functions constructed from electron-pair states can accurately model strong electron correlation effects and are promising approaches especially for larger many-body systems. In this article, we analyze the nature and the type of electron correlation effects that can be captured by wave functions restricted to electron-pair states. We focus on the pair-coupled-cluster doubles (pCCD) ansatz also called the antisymmetric product of the 1-reference orbital geminal (AP1roG) method, combined with an orbital optimization protocol presented in Boguslawski et al. [Phys. Rev. B 89, 201106(R) (2014)], whose performance is assessed against electronic structures obtained form density-matrix renormalization-group reference data. Our numerical analysis covers model systems for strong correlation: the one-dimensional Hubbard model with a periodic boundary condition as well as metallic and molecular hydrogen rings. Specifically, the accuracy of pCCD/AP1roG is benchmarked using the single-orbital entropy, the orbital-pair mutual information, as well as the eigenvalue spectrum of the one-orbital and two-orbital reduced density matrices. Our study indicates that contributions from singly occupied states become important in the strong correlation regime which highlights the limitations of the pCCD/AP1roG method. Furthermore, we examine the effect of orbital rotations within the pCCD/AP1roG model on correlations between orbital pairs.
Wave functions based on electron-pair states provide inexpensive and reliable models to describe quantum many-body problems containing strongly correlated electrons, given that broken-pair states have been appropriately accounted for by, for instance, a posteriori corrections. In this article, we analyze the performance of electron-pair methods in predicting orbital-based correlation spectra. We focus on the (orbital-optimized) pair-coupled cluster doubles (pCCD) ansatz with a linearized coupled-cluster (LCC) correction. Specifically, we scrutinize how orbital-based entanglement and correlation measures can be determined from a pCCD-tailored CC wave function. Furthermore, we employ the single-orbital entropy, the orbital-pair mutual information, and the eigenvalue spectra of the two-orbital reduced density matrices to benchmark the performance of the LCC correction for the one-dimensional Hubbard model with the periodic boundary condition as well as the N2 and F2 molecules against density matrix renormalization group reference calculations. Our study indicates that pCCD-LCC accurately reproduces the orbital-pair correlation patterns in the weak correlation limit and for molecules close to their equilibrium structure. Hence, we can conclude that pCCD-LCC predicts reliable wave functions in this regime.
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Quantifying correlation and complexity in quantum many-body states is central to advancing theoretical and computational chemistry, physics, and quantum information science. This work introduces a novel framework, mutual correlation, based on the Frobenius norm squared of the two-body reduced density matrix cumulant. Through systematic partitioning of the cumulant norm, mutual correlation quantifies nonadditive correlations among interacting subsystems. To assess the ability of mutual correlation to identify orbital interactions, we performed benchmark studies on model systems, including H 10, N 2, and p -benzyne, and performed a formal and numerical comparison with orbital mutual information. Maximally correlated orbitals, obtained by maximizing a nonlinear cost function of the mutual correlation, are also considered to identify a basis-independent partitioning of correlation. This study suggests that mutual correlation is a broadly applicable metric, useful in active space selection and the interpretation of electronic states.
Mutual information and information entropies in momentum space are proposed as measures of the nonlocal aspects of information. Singlet and triplet state members of the helium isoelectronic series are employed to examine Coulomb and Fermi correlations, and their manifestations, in both the position and momentum space mutual information measures. The triplet state measures exemplify that the magnitude of the spatial correlations relative to the momentum correlations depends on and may be controlled by the strength of the electronic correlation. The examination of one- and two-electron Shannon entropies in the triplet state series yields a crossover point, which is characterized by a localized momentum density. The mutual information density in momentum space illustrates that this localization is accompanied by strong correlation at small values of p.