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arXiv:2502.00491

Quantum interference with time-frequency modes and multiple-photons generated by a silicon nitride microresonator

Massimo Borghi, Emanuele Brusaschi, Marco Liscidini, Mattéo Galli, Daniele Bajoni

Published Feb 1, 2025• 1 citation
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Abstract

We demonstrate bipartite gaussian boson sampling with squeezed light in 6 mixed time-frequency modes. Non-degenerate two-mode squeezing is generated in two time-bins from a silicon nitride microresonator with simultaneous high spectral purity (>0.86(3)) and indistinguishability (0.985(2)). An unbalanced interferometer embedding electro-optic modulators, which is stabilized by exploiting the continuous energy-time entanglement of the generated photon pairs, controls time and frequency-bin modes. We measure 144 collision-free events with 4 photons at the output, achieving a fidelity >0.98 with the theoretical probability distribution. We use this result to identify the similarity between families of isomorphic graphs with 6 vertices, and present an approach for the realization of universal operations on time-frequency modes.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2502.00491

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We demonstrate high-dimensional bipartite Gaussian boson sampling with squeezed light across 6 mixed time-frequency modes. Non-degenerate two-mode squeezing is generated in two time-bins from a silicon nitride microresonator. An unbalanced interferometer embedding electro-optic modulators and stabilized by exploiting the continuous energy-time entanglement of the generated photon pairs, couples time and frequency-bin modes arranged in a two-dimensional 3 by 2 rectangular lattice, thus enabling both local and non-local interactions. We measure 144 collision-free events with 4 photons at the output, achieving a fidelity greater than 0.98 with the theoretical probability distribution. We use this result to identify the similarity between families of isomorphic graphs with 6 vertices.
Boson-sampling problems are specific cases of multi-photon quantum interference in which the complexity of sampling from the output distribution of multiple photons on multiple modes arises from its relation to certain matrix functions that cannot be efficiently computed in polynomial time using the best-known classical algorithms. Specifically, gaussian boson sampling (GBS) is a protocol that employs Gaussian states as inputs to a linear interferometer, and whose output samples can be used to accelerate graph search and optimization problems [1]. To date, GBS experiments have been reported by using path or time-bin encoding of the optical modes.
Quantum frequency combs from chip-scale integrated sources are promising candidates for scalable and robust quantum information processing (QIP). However, to use these quantum combs for frequency domain QIP, demonstration of entanglement in the frequency basis, showing that the entangled photons are in a coherent superposition of multiple frequency bins, is required. We present a verification of qubit and qutrit frequency-bin entanglement using an on-chip quantum frequency comb with 40 mode pairs, through a two-photon interference measurement that is based on electro-optic phase modulation. Our demonstrations provide an important contribution in establishing integrated optical microresonators as a source for high-dimensional frequency-bin encoded quantum computing, as well as dense quantum key distribution.
Quantum frequency combs from chip-scale integrated sources are promising candidates for scalable and robust quantum information processing (QIP). However, to use these quantum combs for frequency domain QIP, demonstration of entanglement in the frequency basis, showing that the entangled photons are in a coherent superposition of multiple frequency bins, is required. We present a verification of qubit and qutrit frequency-bin entanglement using an on-chip quantum frequency comb with 40 mode pairs, through a two-photon interference measurement that is based on electro-optic phase modulation. Our demonstrations provide an important contribution in establishing integrated optical microresonators as a source for high-dimensional frequency-bin encoded quantum computing, as well as dense quantum key distribution.
Integrated microresonator facilitates the realization of quantum frequency comb (QFC), which provides a large number of discrete frequency modes with broadband spectral range and narrow linewidth. However, all previous demonstrations have focused on the generation of energy-time or time-bin entangled photons from QFC. Realizing polarization-entangled quantum frequency comb, which is a useful resource for the fundamental study of quantum mechanics and quantum information applications, remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate a broadband polarization-entangled quantum frequency comb by combining an integrated silicon-nitride microresonator with a Sagnac interferometer. With a free spectral range of about 99 GHz and a narrow linewidth of about 190 MHz, our source provides 22 polarization-entangled photon pairs with frequency covering the whole telecom C-band. The entanglement fidelities for all 22 pairs are above 81%, including 17 pairs with fidelities higher than 90%. Our demonstration paves the way for employing the polarization-entangled quantum frequency comb in quantum network using CMOS technology as well as standard dense wavelength division-multiplexing technology.