Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2412.03323 · IEEE photonics journal

Generation of Tunable Correlated Frequency Comb via Four-Wave-Mixing in Optical Fibers

Aryan Bhardwaj, Debanuj Chatterjee, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Anil Prabhakar

Published Mar 12, 2025• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report an all-fiber-based experimental setup to generate a correlated photon-pair comb using Four Wave Mixing (FWM) in Highly non-linear fiber (HNLF). Temporal correlations of the generated photons were confirmed through coincidence measurements. We observed a maximum of 32 kcps, with a coincidence to accidental ratio of$17 \pm 1$. To further understand the underlying processes, we also simulated a generalized FWM event involving the interaction between an arbitrary frequency comb and a Continuous Wave (CW) pump. non-linear dynamics through the HNLF were modelled using Schrödinger propagation equations, with numerical predictions agreeing with our experimental results.

DOI
10.1109/jphot.2025.3550712

Related papers

Single-Photon Induced Correlation with Integrated Quantum Frequency Combs

Yanbing Young Zhang, David Moss, Roberto Morandotti +8 more

Quantum correlations, where two or more parties exhibit strong correlations in a particular degree of freedom are important resources for fundamental science [1], such as the exploration of non-locality and entanglement, as well as non-classical technologies including quantum computation, quantum key distribution and quantum metrology. One typical way to generate correlated photon pairs is to use the spontaneous four-wave mixing process, with demonstrations on various platforms [2]. So far, single-photon stimulated four-wave mixing (FWM) has been demonstrated in optical fibers [3]. Here we show induced correlation by single photon seeded FWM through exploiting the orthogonal polarization modes in an integrated ring resonator [4]. We allow two different four-wave mixing processes to occur simultaneously with the same signal frequency mode but different idler frequency modes (see Fig.1(a)). The single-photon induced FWM process, named here seeded FWM, was created through the link of type-0 SFWM and type-2 SFWM. In the type-0 process, two excitation photons from the same field are converted into two new photons, signal and idler, with the same polarization as the pump field. While in the type-2 FWM, two annihilated photons, each one from a different polarized pump field, namely TE and TM, generate an orthogonal-polarized photon pair. More importantly, spatial and temporal overlapping of two processes and their sharing of one common resonance lead to correlation between the other two signal photons, one from each process. For example, an idler photon created in type-0 FWM seeds the type-2 FWM process or vice versa, i.e. the TM idler photon in Fig. 1, induces correlation between the signal TM and TE photons. This is proven by the observation of a clear coincidence peak for both signal photons in Fig.1(b). Furthermore, we confirmed our observation via power-dependent correlation measurements (see Fig.1 (c)). We summarized the true coincidence count (C) and its coincidence to accidental ratio (CAR) when only the TE pump power is increased while maintaining the TM mode pump power (black squares), and both pump powers are increased with a constant ratio (blue dots). We found that the seeded FWM scales with the square of both pump powers (C ∝ PjePtm) and that the CAR reach its maxima of 1.5 at the available pump power, indicating thermal statistics. Our findings are relevant to the fundamental understanding of spontaneous parametric effects as well as single-photon induced processes and single photon cloning.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)•Jun 1, 2019•0 citations

All-Fiber Broadband Photon Pair Generation in Dispersion Flattened Highly Non-Linear Fibers

Anadi Agnihotri, Pradeep Kumar Krishnamurthy

We demonstrate an all-fiber broadband photon pair source based on four wave mixing (FWM) process in dispersion flattened highly non-linear fiber (DF-HNLF). The fiber exhibits a zero dispersion slope near 1550 nm, allowing phase-matched FWM over entire S, C, and L bands and thus efficient generation of signal and idler photons. A comparative theoretical study between conventional dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) and DF-HNLF highlights the spectral range differences in the generation of photon pairs. We measure coincidence counts at three different sets of wavelengths. To study the effects of Raman scattering, which acts as noise source in these types of fibers, we calculate the correlation$g^{(2)}(\tau)$at different pump powers. We use stimulated emission tomography to characterize the generation of photon pairs across the S, C, and L bands. We show that DF-HNLF is an ideal medium for generating correlated photons over a broad spectral range ($>\!\!100\,\text{nm}$), making it suitable for frequency-multiplexed quantum communication systems. We estimate the photon pair generation efficiency to be 0.05$\text{mW}^{-2}/\text{pulse}$.

IEEE photonics journal•Feb 14, 2025•1 citation

Correlated Photon-Pair Generation in a Highly Nonlinear Fiber Using Spontaneous FWM

Álvaro J. Almeida, L. M. P. P. Martins, Nuno A. Silva +2 more

We generate 1550 nm correlated photon pairs through the spontaneous four-wave mixing (SpFWM) process in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). The pair source quality generation is evaluated by the coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) parameter. It is verified that the spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS) photons generated inside the fiber contribute to the degradation of the source. Nevertheless, a CAR value of 2.77 is found for a pump power at the input of the fiber of 1.1 mW.

arXiv:1407.3207•Jul 11, 2014•1 citation

Generation of correlated photon pairs in a microstructure fiber

Jingyun Fan, Aristide C. Dogariu, L. J. Wang

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new method of generating correlated photons in a microstructure fiber by means of a reversed degenerate four-wave-mixing process. Here one photon is annihilated from each of the bichromatic pump pulses to generate a pair of photons at the mean frequency. For a microstructure fiber as short as 1.5 m the measured coincidence counting rate is approximately eight times that of the accidental coincidences with a peak pump power of 0.25 W.

arXiv:quant-ph/0505211•Optics Letters•Jun 15, 2005•73 citations

Generation of High Purity Photon-Pair in a Short Highly Non-Linear Fiber

Yong Meng Sua, John E. Malowicki, Masaaki Hirano +1 more

Abstract : We generate photon pairs at telecom wavelength through a spontaneous four-wave mixing process in a short 10 m of highly nonlinear fiber. We use a counter propagating scheme to generate a correlated and entangled photon pair. We observe coincidence to accidental-coincidence ratio of 29 + or - 3 at room temperature (300 K) and as high as 130 + or - 5 when the fiber is cooled to liquid-nitrogen temperature (77 K). Two-photon interference with visibility 98% (92%) and the violation of Bell's inequality by 12 (approx. equal 5) standard deviation are observed at 77 K (300 K), respectively, without subtracting accidental-coincidence count. We obtain a photon-pair production rate about factor 3(2) higher than a 300 m dispersion-shifted fiber at 300 K (77 K).

•Jan 1, 2013•1 citation

All-fiber broadband photon pair generation in dispersion flattened highly non-linear fiber

Anadi Agnihotri, Pradeep Kumar Krishnamurthy

We report on a spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) based broadband correlated photon pair generation using a dispersion flattened highly-nonlinear fiber (DF-HNLF). The DF-HNLF is pumped by a stable mode-locked laser (MLL) which generates pump pulses of 250 ps FWHM at a repetition rate of 94.509 MHz. The joint spectral intensity (JSI) data indicates photon pair generation across entire S, C, and L bands. The intrinsic photon pair generation rate, after accounting for spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS), system loss, and detector dark counts, is ≈ 100kHz although due to detection gating limit we measured the rate to be 1 kHz at peak pump power of 70 mW. The use of an arbitrary waveform generator for establishing pump MLL and gating of the single-photon detectors (SPDs) allows for precise synchronization of generation and detection of photon pairs.

JSAP-OSA Joint Symposia•Jan 1, 2024•0 citations
We report an all-fiber-based experimental setup to generate a correlated photon-pair comb using Four Wave Mixing (FWM) in Highly non-linear fiber (HNLF). Temporal correlations of the generated photons were confirmed through coincidence measurements. We observed a maximum of 32 kcps, with a coincidence to accidental ratio of17±117 \pm 117±1. To further understand the underlying processes, we also simulated a generalized FWM event involving the interaction between an arbitrary frequency comb and a Continuous Wave (CW) pump. non-linear dynamics through the HNLF were modelled using Schrödinger propagation equations, with numerical predictions agreeing with our experimental results.
Quantum correlations, where two or more parties exhibit strong correlations in a particular degree of freedom are important resources for fundamental science [1], such as the exploration of non-locality and entanglement, as well as non-classical technologies including quantum computation, quantum key distribution and quantum metrology. One typical way to generate correlated photon pairs is to use the spontaneous four-wave mixing process, with demonstrations on various platforms [2]. So far, single-photon stimulated four-wave mixing (FWM) has been demonstrated in optical fibers [3]. Here we show induced correlation by single photon seeded FWM through exploiting the orthogonal polarization modes in an integrated ring resonator [4]. We allow two different four-wave mixing processes to occur simultaneously with the same signal frequency mode but different idler frequency modes (see Fig.1(a)). The single-photon induced FWM process, named here seeded FWM, was created through the link of type-0 SFWM and type-2 SFWM. In the type-0 process, two excitation photons from the same field are converted into two new photons, signal and idler, with the same polarization as the pump field. While in the type-2 FWM, two annihilated photons, each one from a different polarized pump field, namely TE and TM, generate an orthogonal-polarized photon pair. More importantly, spatial and temporal overlapping of two processes and their sharing of one common resonance lead to correlation between the other two signal photons, one from each process. For example, an idler photon created in type-0 FWM seeds the type-2 FWM process or vice versa, i.e. the TM idler photon in Fig. 1, induces correlation between the signal TM and TE photons. This is proven by the observation of a clear coincidence peak for both signal photons in Fig.1(b). Furthermore, we confirmed our observation via power-dependent correlation measurements (see Fig.1 (c)). We summarized the true coincidence count (C) and its coincidence to accidental ratio (CAR) when only the TE pump power is increased while maintaining the TM mode pump power (black squares), and both pump powers are increased with a constant ratio (blue dots). We found that the seeded FWM scales with the square of both pump powers (C ∝ PjePtm) and that the CAR reach its maxima of 1.5 at the available pump power, indicating thermal statistics. Our findings are relevant to the fundamental understanding of spontaneous parametric effects as well as single-photon induced processes and single photon cloning.
We demonstrate an all-fiber broadband photon pair source based on four wave mixing (FWM) process in dispersion flattened highly non-linear fiber (DF-HNLF). The fiber exhibits a zero dispersion slope near 1550 nm, allowing phase-matched FWM over entire S, C, and L bands and thus efficient generation of signal and idler photons. A comparative theoretical study between conventional dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) and DF-HNLF highlights the spectral range differences in the generation of photon pairs. We measure coincidence counts at three different sets of wavelengths. To study the effects of Raman scattering, which acts as noise source in these types of fibers, we calculate the correlationg(2)(τ)g^{(2)}(\tau)g(2)(τ)at different pump powers. We use stimulated emission tomography to characterize the generation of photon pairs across the S, C, and L bands. We show that DF-HNLF is an ideal medium for generating correlated photons over a broad spectral range (> ⁣ ⁣100 nm>\!\!100\,\text{nm}>100nm), making it suitable for frequency-multiplexed quantum communication systems. We estimate the photon pair generation efficiency to be 0.05mW−2/pulse\text{mW}^{-2}/\text{pulse}mW−2/pulse.
Abstract : We generate photon pairs at telecom wavelength through a spontaneous four-wave mixing process in a short 10 m of highly nonlinear fiber. We use a counter propagating scheme to generate a correlated and entangled photon pair. We observe coincidence to accidental-coincidence ratio of 29 + or - 3 at room temperature (300 K) and as high as 130 + or - 5 when the fiber is cooled to liquid-nitrogen temperature (77 K). Two-photon interference with visibility 98% (92%) and the violation of Bell's inequality by 12 (approx. equal 5) standard deviation are observed at 77 K (300 K), respectively, without subtracting accidental-coincidence count. We obtain a photon-pair production rate about factor 3(2) higher than a 300 m dispersion-shifted fiber at 300 K (77 K).
We report on a spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) based broadband correlated photon pair generation using a dispersion flattened highly-nonlinear fiber (DF-HNLF). The DF-HNLF is pumped by a stable mode-locked laser (MLL) which generates pump pulses of 250 ps FWHM at a repetition rate of 94.509 MHz. The joint spectral intensity (JSI) data indicates photon pair generation across entire S, C, and L bands. The intrinsic photon pair generation rate, after accounting for spontaneous Raman scattering (SpRS), system loss, and detector dark counts, is ≈ 100kHz although due to detection gating limit we measured the rate to be 1 kHz at peak pump power of 70 mW. The use of an arbitrary waveform generator for establishing pump MLL and gating of the single-photon detectors (SPDs) allows for precise synchronization of generation and detection of photon pairs.