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arXiv:2410.16230 · The European Physical Journal Plus

Using a quantum SWAP engine to experimentally validate thermodynamic uncertainty relations

Krishna Shende, Arvind, Kavita Dorai

Published May 2, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06276-2

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Abstract In this work, we experimentally investigate the lower bound of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation (TUR) using a quantum Maxwell’s demon, specifically modeled as a Szilard engine. A quantum circuit representing the Szilard engine was designed and implemented on an IBM quantum computer that showcases the integration of quantum information processing. The circuit was executed multiple times to extract currents associated with various thermodynamic quantities, allowing for an estimation of the thermodynamic uncertainty product. TUR establishes a universal trade-off between the precision of thermodynamic currents (such as heat, work, or entropy) and entropy production rate in non-equilibrium systems, placing a universal bound on their fluctuations. Our findings indicate that the TUR’s lower bound is upheld in the quantum regime, with the uncertainty product consistently exceeding the theoretical limit of two. This result reaffirms the robustness of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation in quantum thermodynamic systems.
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We investigate a two-qubit SWAP thermal machine -- a streamlined analogue of the four-stroke Otto cycle -- whose working medium comprises inertially moving Unruh-DeWitt qubit detectors, each coupled to a thermal quantum field bath prepared at a different temperature. In the presence of relative motion between the working medium and the thermal baths, we derive thermodynamic uncertainty relations (TURs) that quantify the trade-off between performance, entropy production, and power fluctuations. Our analysis identifies regimes where relativistic motion leads to stronger violation of classical TURs, previously observed in static quantum setups. In addition, we establish generalized performance bounds for the thermal machine operating as either a heat engine or a refrigerator, and discuss how relativistic motion can enhance their performances beyond the standard Carnot limits defined by rest-frame temperatures.