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arXiv:2409.18887 · PhotoniX

Deep learning enhanced quantum holography with undetected photons

Weiru Fan, Gewei Qian, Yutong Wang, Chenran Xu, Ziyang Chen, Xun Liu, Wei Li, Xü Liu, Feng Liu, Xingqi Xu, Da‐Wei Wang, Vladislav V. Yakovlev

Published Dec 18, 2024• 20 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Holography is an essential technique of generating three-dimensional images. Recently, quantum holography with undetected photons (QHUP) has emerged as a groundbreaking method capable of capturing complex amplitude images. Despite its potential, the practical application of QHUP has been limited by susceptibility to phase disturbances, low interference visibility, and limited spatial resolution. Deep learning, recognized for its ability in processing complex data, holds significant promise in addressing these challenges. In this report, we present an ample advancement in QHUP achieved by harnessing the power of deep learning to extract images from single-shot holograms, resulting in vastly reduced noise and distortion, alongside a notable enhancement in spatial resolution. The proposed and demonstrated deep learning QHUP (DL-QHUP) methodology offers a transformative solution by delivering high-speed imaging, improved spatial resolution, and superior noise resilience, making it suitable for diverse applications across an array of research fields stretching from biomedical imaging to remote sensing. DL-QHUP signifies a crucial leap forward in the realm of holography, demonstrating its immense potential to revolutionize imaging capabilities and pave the way for advancements in various scientific disciplines. The integration of DL-QHUP promises to unlock new possibilities in imaging applications, transcending existing limitations and offering unparalleled performance in challenging environments. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43074-024-00155-2.

DOI
10.1186/s43074-024-00155-2

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Holography is an essential technique of generating three-dimensional images. Recently, quantum holography with undetected photons (QHUP) has emerged as a groundbreaking method capable of capturing complex amplitude images. Despite its potential, the practical application of QHUP has been limited by susceptibility to phase disturbances, low interference visibility, and limited spatial resolution. Deep learning, recognized for its ability in processing complex data, holds significant promise in addressing these challenges. In this report, we present an ample advancement in QHUP achieved by harnessing the power of deep learning to extract images from single-shot holograms, resulting in vastly reduced noise and distortion, alongside a notable enhancement in spatial resolution. The proposed and demonstrated deep learning QHUP (DL-QHUP) methodology offers a transformative solution by delivering high-speed imaging, improved spatial resolution, and superior noise resilience, making it suitable for diverse applications across an array of research fields stretching from biomedical imaging to remote sensing. DL-QHUP signifies a crucial leap forward in the realm of holography, demonstrating its immense potential to revolutionize imaging capabilities and pave the way for advancements in various scientific disciplines. The integration of DL-QHUP promises to unlock new possibilities in imaging applications, transcending existing limitations and offering unparalleled performance in challenging environments. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43074-024-00155-2.
Quantum holography with undetected photons (QHUP) enables the complex amplitude of infrared to be acquired beyond the sensitivity range of silicon based sensors, through induced coherence withoud induced emission. QHUP generally requires multiple phase-shifted holograms to retrieve the complex-amplitude distribution of an object, which limits measurement stability and temporal resolution. Although classical parallel phase-shifting holography provides a favorable balance between temporal and spatial resolution, it has not previously been implemented in QHUP because of the constraints imposed by photon distinguishability. In this study, we propose a quantum eraser-based geometric phase-shifting QHUP. By accurately erasing not only polarization distinguishability but also temporal distinguishability arising from differences in the optical paths, the complex-amplitude distribution of an object can be retrieved in a single shot using a silicon-based image sensor equipped with a polarization-filter array. This single-shot acquisition, combined with real-time processing, enables the observation of dynamic objects in the near-infrared spectral region. To the best of our knowledge, these experimental results constitute the first real-time acquisition of the complex-amplitude distribution of a near-infrared object using QHUP with a silicon-based image sensor equipped with a polarization-filter array. Furthermore, to enhance the reproducibility and applicability of this study, the experimental optical setup, bill of materials, and source code for real-time imaging have been made openly available. The ability to retrieve the complex-amplitude information carried by undetected photons in real time is expected to extend the applicability of QHUP to a wide range of fields, including spectroscopic imaging and semiconductor inspection.
This study investigates quantum holography, emphasizing its capability to conduct holographic imaging without the requirement for first-order coherence—a limitation of classical physics. By harnessing quantum entanglement, where image data is embedded in the phase correlation of polarization-entangled photon pairs and spread across the transverse spatial dimension, quantum holography enhances imaging performance. This technique not only improves resolution for polarization-sensitive phase objects but also provides resilience against stochastic phase fluctuations and uncontrolled ambient light, offering significant tangible benefits compared to conventional holography. Additionally, its integration with quantum tomography enables precise analysis of multi-dimensional hyper-entangled states, advancing quantum state analysis. Although current challenges remain, such as extended acquisition times due to technological constraints, ongoing advancements in faster, more affordable sensors are expected to address these issues. As a result, quantum holography is poised to have broad applications in biological imaging, sensing, and the exploration of complex high-dimensional quantum states. These developments position quantum holography as a crucial technology in the future of quantum optical communication and information processing, driving innovation and opening new avenues in these fields.
Quantum holography exploits quantum correlation in entangled photon pairs to enhance holography. An inherent principle of holography is that each partial hologram can enhance the reconstruction of the entire object, a property that has not yet been explored in the quantum realm. The current fabrication technology for single-photon detectors is limited, making it extremely challenging to manufacture large-area detectors. Since resolution is directly related to the system aperture, achieving a resolution equivalent to that of a large-area detector under the constraint of a limited detection area is a key challenge for realizing high-resolution quantum holography. Here we demonstrate that the spatial correlations of entangled photons can extract crucial additional information from photon wave packets beyond the boundaries of the experimentally recorded region, where the photons have no direct interaction with the object. We validate the approach experimentally and benchmark it against the approach using only the detection area, achieving the advancements with an increase of up to 15 dB in signal-to-noise ratio and up to approximately tenfold improvement in structural similarity. We show the versatility of the approach by demonstrating significantly improved performance across various objects, including quantum holography of complex biological specimens. This work can advance the nascent field of quantum holography and accelerate its application in life sciences and biological systems.
Quantum Imaging with Undetected Light (QIUL) leverages the quantum correlations of photon pairs, generated via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), to extract both the amplitude and phase information of an object [1]. This process facilitates the simultaneous illumination and detection across a diverse spectral range, harnessing advanced detection technology within the visible spectrum while probing the object at an unconventional wavelength. In this study, we provide an experimental scheme of a QIUL that merges Fourier off-axis holography with a hybrid-type induced-coherence nonlinear interferometer [2], [3], combining a March-Zender and Michelson interferometer to be able to angle-tune the object and reference beams in a wider range of values, and therefore accessing to the full capabilities offered by the Fourier space [4], [5]. Our methodology in a wide-field configuration requires only a single-shot to reconstruct the amplitude and phase data of an object, thus introducing a strong alternative to sequential multi-frame acquisition techniques such as digital phase-shifting holography [6]. Figure 1 shows the image reconstruction process to extract the amplitude and phase information out of the single-photon hologram, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the hologram reveals the diffraction term containing the object information to be cropped and inverse Fourier transformed to extract a complex image from which the amplitude and phase are retrieved.
Quantum imaging with undetected light has recently emerged as a technique in which quantum correlations and nonlinear interferometry are combined to decouple illumination and detection paths. This approach has been more recently extended and combined with digital phase-shifting holography and off-axis holography to extract both the amplitude and phase information of a sample relying on single-photon interference. Despite these advantages, implementing the technique in real-world scenarios where the observed system is subject to environmental noise and dynamic variations remains challenging. The primary limitation lies in the inability of quantum imaging systems to retrieve object information in real time under high-noise conditions. Here, we experimentally demonstrate real-time amplitude and phase imaging in noisy environments, building upon our previous implementation of quantum off-axis holography. Our results demonstrate real-time imaging at acquisition rates up to 4~Hz, even when the noise level exceeds the signal by an order of magnitude.
Holography exploits the interference of a light field reflected/transmitted from an object with a reference beam to obtain a reconstruction of the spatial shape of the object. Classical holography techniques have been very successful in diverse areas such as microscopy, manufacturing technology, and basic science. However, detection constraints for wavelengths outside the visible range restrict the applications for imaging and sensing in general. For overcoming these detection limitations, we implement phase-shifting holography with nonclassical states of light, where we exploit quantum interference between two-photon probability amplitudes in a nonlinear interferometer. We demonstrate that it allows retrieving the spatial shape (amplitude and phase) of the photons transmitted/reflected from the object and thus obtaining an image of the object despite those photons are never detected. Moreover, there is no need to use a well-characterized reference beam, since the two-photon scheme already makes use of one of the photons as reference for holography.