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arXiv:2409.05154

A Novel Efficient Multiparty Semi-Quantum Secret Sharing Protocol Using Entangled States for Sharing Specific Bits

Mustapha Anis Younes, Sofia Zebboudj, Abdelhakim Gharbi

Published Sep 8, 2024• 0 citations
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Abstract

Recently, Younes et al. proposed an efficient multi-party semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) scheme that generalizes Tian et al.'s three-party protocol \cite{Tian2021} to accommodate multiple participants. This scheme retains the original advantages, such as high qubit efficiency and allowing the secret dealer, Alice, to control the message content. However, He et al. \cite{He2024} identified a vulnerability in Tian et al.'s protocol to the double CNOT attack (DCNA), which also affects the generalized scheme. In response, He et al. proposed an improved protocol to address this issue. Despite these improvements, their protocol is limited to two participants and remains a primarily two-way communication scheme, which does not fully prevent the Trojan horse attack without expensive quantum devices such as photon number splitters (PNS) and wavelength filters (WF). To address these issues, this paper develops a novel multi-party SQSS scheme using the quantum property between Bell states and the Hadamard operation to detect eavesdroppers. This new scheme is secure against the DCNA, intercept-resend attack, and collective attack. It employs a fully one-way communication scheme, entirely preventing the Trojan horse attack without costly quantum devices, aligning with the semi-quantum environment's original intent. This new protocol also offers better qubit efficiency and allows Alice to share specific secrets.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2409.05154

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Recently, Younes et al. proposed an efficient multi-party semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) scheme that generalizes Tian et al.'s three-party protocol \cite{Tian2021} to accommodate multiple participants. This scheme retains the original advantages, such as high qubit efficiency and allowing the secret dealer, Alice, to control the message content. However, He et al. \cite{He2024} identified a vulnerability in Tian et al.'s protocol to the double CNOT attack (DCNA), which also affects the generalized scheme. In response, He et al. proposed an improved protocol to address this issue. Despite these improvements, their protocol is limited to two participants and remains a primarily two-way communication scheme, which does not fully prevent the Trojan horse attack without expensive quantum devices such as photon number splitters (PNS) and wavelength filters (WF). To address these issues, this paper develops a novel multi-party SQSS scheme using the quantum property between Bell states and the Hadamard operation to detect eavesdroppers. This new scheme is secure against the DCNA, intercept-resend attack, and collective attack. It employs a fully one-way communication scheme, entirely preventing the Trojan horse attack without costly quantum devices, aligning with the semi-quantum environment's original intent. This new protocol also offers better qubit efficiency and allows Alice to share specific secrets.
This study proposes a multiparty single-photon semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) protocol to simultaneously improve quantum bit (qubit) efficiency and practical feasibility. Existing quantum secret sharing protocols typically assume that all participants possess full quantum capabilities, which limits their deployment in real-world environments. To address this issue, the proposed protocol was designed using a semi-quantum model, allowing N agents with limited quantum capabilities to participate in the secret-sharing process. In terms of efficiency, the proposed protocol employs single photons as quantum resources and is analyzed under a unified definition of qubit efficiency. The results show that the qubit efficiency of the proposed protocol reaches 12N\frac{1}{2N}2N1​ , which is comparable to the best recent quantum secret sharing protocols and outperforms most existing SQSS methods. Unlike certain protocols in which qubit efficiency decreases exponentially with the number of participants, the quantum resource consumption of the proposed protocol increases linearly with the number of agents. Consequently, its qubit efficiency decreases proportionally to 1N\frac{1}{N}N1​ , rather than exponentially, providing better scalability as the number of agents increases. In terms of security, the protocol is analyzed against several attack models, including intercept-resend, entangle-and-measure, collective, and collusion attacks. The analysis shows that an adversary cannot obtain useful information without detection under these attacks, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed protocol.
The security of a secret sharing protocol is compromised if one or more dishonest participants can reconstruct the secret by deviating from the prescribed protocol, particularly when such malicious behavior remains undetected. Semi-Quantum Secret Sharing (SQSS) is a variant of secret sharing in which the participants possess only classical capabilities, such as preparing and measuring qubits in the computational (ZZZ) basis, while a quantum-capable third party assists the dealer in generating and distributing quantum shares of a classical secret. The limited quantum capabilities of the participants in SQSS protocols may introduce vulnerabilities to collusion attacks, enabling an assisting quantum third party, in collaboration with a dishonest classical participant, to jointly recover the secret even without detection. In this work, we propose a novel SQSS protocol that eliminates this vulnerability and achieves information-theoretic security against collusion attacks. We further prove that the proposed protocol is secure against a broad class of external and internal attacks. Finally, a comparative analysis demonstrates that our construction advances existing SQSS protocols by simultaneously optimizing qubit efficiency, involves a classical dealer, and resilience against DCNA attacks using basic Bell states.
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This study proposes the first multiparty mediated semi-quantum secret sharing (MSQSS) protocol to overcome two existing challenges in current semi-quantum secret sharing protocols: (1) dealer must be the quantum user, and (2) classical users must be equipped with Trojan horse detectors. In the proposed MSQSS protocol, a classical dealer can share secrets with multiple classical agents via the help of a dishonest quantum third party. Security analysis is performed to prove that the proposed protocol cannot suffer from a collective attack, a collusion attack, or a Trojan horse attack. Furthermore, the proposed MSQSS protocol is more lightweight than existing SQSS protocols because the classical user is equipped with only two quantum capabilities.
Typical multiparty semi-quantum secret sharing (MSQSS) protocols require the dealer to possess full quantum capabilities, while the classical users usually need to perform three operations. To address this practical limitation, this paper introduces a new mediated MSQSS protocol that enables Alice, a classical user, to share a secret with [Formula: see text] classical Bobs, with the assistance of an untrusted third party (TP) who may attempt any possible attack to steal Alice’s secret. Furthermore, the classical participants require only two capabilities instead of three, namely: (a) performing measurements in the [Formula: see text] basis; and (b) reordering qubits. The proposed scheme offers significant advantages over existing mediated QSS protocols: (1) It is the first mediated SQSS protocol to adopt single qubits, instead of entangled states, as the quantum resource, which makes it more practical and easier to implement; (2) It achieves higher qubit efficiency. Security analysis also demonstrates that the protocol is secure against well-known attacks.
Multi-party quantum secret sharing scheme with high efficient based on entanglement states is proposed and analyzed. A three-party which is presented shares a sequence of joint key bits. In this scheme, a general proof of the security against eavesdropping for three-party quantum secret sharing based on entanglement swapping is provided. The scheme which is showed is secure against a dishonest participant's intercept-and-resend attack and eavesdropper's entangle auxiliary-particles attack. In case of eavesdropping attacks with full information again, the detection bit needs to be transmitted except those for detection, the total efficiency of the scheme approaches to 100%. The protocol can be generalized to N-party system by using N-partite entanglement states.