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arXiv:2508.05487 · International Journal of Quantum Information

Efficient mediated multiparty semi-quantum secret sharing protocol based on single-qubit reordering

Mustapha Anis Younes, Sofia Zebboudj, Abdelhakim Gharbi

Published May 28, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Typical multiparty semi-quantum secret sharing (MSQSS) protocols require the dealer to possess full quantum capabilities, while the classical users usually need to perform three operations. To address this practical limitation, this paper introduces a new mediated MSQSS protocol that enables Alice, a classical user, to share a secret with [Formula: see text] classical Bobs, with the assistance of an untrusted third party (TP) who may attempt any possible attack to steal Alice’s secret. Furthermore, the classical participants require only two capabilities instead of three, namely: (a) performing measurements in the [Formula: see text] basis; and (b) reordering qubits. The proposed scheme offers significant advantages over existing mediated QSS protocols: (1) It is the first mediated SQSS protocol to adopt single qubits, instead of entangled states, as the quantum resource, which makes it more practical and easier to implement; (2) It achieves higher qubit efficiency. Security analysis also demonstrates that the protocol is secure against well-known attacks.

DOI
10.1142/s0219749926500176

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Typical multiparty semi-quantum secret sharing (MSQSS) protocols require the dealer to possess full quantum capabilities, while the classical users usually need to perform three operations. To address this practical limitation, this paper introduces a new mediated MSQSS protocol that enables Alice, a classical user, to share a secret with [Formula: see text] classical Bobs, with the assistance of an untrusted third party (TP) who may attempt any possible attack to steal Alice’s secret. Furthermore, the classical participants require only two capabilities instead of three, namely: (a) performing measurements in the [Formula: see text] basis; and (b) reordering qubits. The proposed scheme offers significant advantages over existing mediated QSS protocols: (1) It is the first mediated SQSS protocol to adopt single qubits, instead of entangled states, as the quantum resource, which makes it more practical and easier to implement; (2) It achieves higher qubit efficiency. Security analysis also demonstrates that the protocol is secure against well-known attacks.
This study proposes the first multiparty mediated semi-quantum secret sharing (MSQSS) protocol to overcome two existing challenges in current semi-quantum secret sharing protocols: (1) dealer must be the quantum user, and (2) classical users must be equipped with Trojan horse detectors. In the proposed MSQSS protocol, a classical dealer can share secrets with multiple classical agents via the help of a dishonest quantum third party. Security analysis is performed to prove that the proposed protocol cannot suffer from a collective attack, a collusion attack, or a Trojan horse attack. Furthermore, the proposed MSQSS protocol is more lightweight than existing SQSS protocols because the classical user is equipped with only two quantum capabilities.
In this paper, we propose a new efficient mediated semi-quantum key distribution (MSQKD) protocol, facilitating the establishment of a shared secret key between two classical participants with the assistance of an untrusted third party (TP). Unlike existing MSQKD protocols, our approach significantly reduces the quantum requirements for TP, who only needs to prepare and measure qubits in the XXX basis. Meanwhile, the classical participants are limited to preparing and measuring qubits in the ZZZ basis, along with performing Hadamard operations. This reduction in quantum overhead enhances the practicality of our MSQKD protocol without compromising qubit efficiency. Additionally, we demonstrate the security of our protocol against various well-known attacks.
The security of a secret sharing protocol is compromised if one or more dishonest participants can reconstruct the secret by deviating from the prescribed protocol, particularly when such malicious behavior remains undetected. Semi-Quantum Secret Sharing (SQSS) is a variant of secret sharing in which the participants possess only classical capabilities, such as preparing and measuring qubits in the computational (ZZZ) basis, while a quantum-capable third party assists the dealer in generating and distributing quantum shares of a classical secret. The limited quantum capabilities of the participants in SQSS protocols may introduce vulnerabilities to collusion attacks, enabling an assisting quantum third party, in collaboration with a dishonest classical participant, to jointly recover the secret even without detection. In this work, we propose a novel SQSS protocol that eliminates this vulnerability and achieves information-theoretic security against collusion attacks. We further prove that the proposed protocol is secure against a broad class of external and internal attacks. Finally, a comparative analysis demonstrates that our construction advances existing SQSS protocols by simultaneously optimizing qubit efficiency, involves a classical dealer, and resilience against DCNA attacks using basic Bell states.
This study proposes a multiparty single-photon semi-quantum secret sharing (SQSS) protocol to simultaneously improve quantum bit (qubit) efficiency and practical feasibility. Existing quantum secret sharing protocols typically assume that all participants possess full quantum capabilities, which limits their deployment in real-world environments. To address this issue, the proposed protocol was designed using a semi-quantum model, allowing N agents with limited quantum capabilities to participate in the secret-sharing process. In terms of efficiency, the proposed protocol employs single photons as quantum resources and is analyzed under a unified definition of qubit efficiency. The results show that the qubit efficiency of the proposed protocol reaches 12N\frac{1}{2N}2N1​ , which is comparable to the best recent quantum secret sharing protocols and outperforms most existing SQSS methods. Unlike certain protocols in which qubit efficiency decreases exponentially with the number of participants, the quantum resource consumption of the proposed protocol increases linearly with the number of agents. Consequently, its qubit efficiency decreases proportionally to 1N\frac{1}{N}N1​ , rather than exponentially, providing better scalability as the number of agents increases. In terms of security, the protocol is analyzed against several attack models, including intercept-resend, entangle-and-measure, collective, and collusion attacks. The analysis shows that an adversary cannot obtain useful information without detection under these attacks, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed protocol.
Due to the exiting semi-quantum secret sharing protocol have two challenges including (1) the dealer must be the quantum user, and (2) the classical users must equip with the Trojan Horse detectors, this study wants to propose a novel mediate semi-quantum secret sharing (MSQSS) protocol to let a classical dealer can share his/her secrets to the classical agents with the help of a dishonest third-party (TP). The proposed MSQSS protocol adopts the one-way quantum communication and thus it is free from the Trojan Horse attacks. Furthermore, the security analysis is given for proving that the proposed protocol can be against the collective attack. Comparing to the exiting SQSS protocols, the proposed MSQSS protocol is more lightweight and more practical.
This study proposes the first multiparty-to-multiparty mediated quantum secret sharing (M2M-MQSS) protocol within a restricted quantum environment. Unlike existing fully quantum secret sharing (QSS) protocols, this protocol allows protocol participants with limited quantum capabilities—including (1) measuring a single qubit in the Z-basis and (2) performing a single-qubit unitary operation, Hadamard operation—to participate, significantly reducing implementation costs. By employing one-way qubit transmission, the proposed MMQSS protocol not only simplifies the quantum communication process but also effectively defends against quantum Trojan horse attacks. The correctness and security analyses demonstrate that the proposed M2M-MQSS protocol is robust against various well-known attack strategies. Simulation experiments confirm the feasibility of the protocol for various numbers of participants. It maintains high levels of efficiency and security even as the number of participants increases. Moreover, compared with existing protocols, the proposed M2M-MQSS protocol lowers the barrier to practical quantum communication deployment by reducing the quantum resources required for protocol participants.