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arXiv:2407.21584 · Quantum Information Processing

Quantum thermodynamics of open quantum systems: nature of thermal fluctuations

Neha Pathania, Devvrat Tiwari, Subhashish Banerjee

Published Aug 28, 2025• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1007/s11128-025-04903-6

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The asymmetry between heating and cooling in open quantum systems is a hallmark of nonequilibrium dynamics, yet its thermodynamic origin has remained unclear. Here, we investigate the thermalization of a quantum system weakly coupled to a thermal bath, focusing on the entropy production rate and the quantum thermokinetic uncertainty relation (TKUR). We derive an analytical expression for the entropy production rate, showing that heating begins with a higher entropy production, which drives faster thermalization than cooling. The quantum TKUR links this asymmetry to heat-current fluctuations, demonstrating that larger entropy production suppresses fluctuations, making heating more stable than cooling. Our results reveal the thermodynamic basis of asymmetric thermalization and highlight uncertainty relations as key to nonequilibrium quantum dynamics.