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arXiv:2404.15563 · Physical Review A

Highly squeezed states in ring resonators: Beyond the undepleted-pump approximation

Colin Vendromin, Yan Liu, Zhenshan S. Yang, John E. Sipe

Published Sep 9, 2024• 9 citations
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Abstract

We present a multimode theory of squeezed-state generation in resonant systems valid for arbitrary pump power and including pump depletion. The Hamiltonian is written in terms of asymptotic-in and -out fields from scattering theory, capable of describing a general interaction. As an example we consider the lossy generation of a highly squeezed state by an effective second-order interaction in a silicon nitride ring resonator point coupled to a waveguide. We calculate the photon number, the Schmidt number, and the second-order correlation function of the generated state in the waveguide. The treatment we present provides a path forward to study the deterministic generation of non-Gaussian states in resonant systems.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.110.033709

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We present a multimode theory of squeezed-state generation in resonant systems valid for arbitrary pump power and including pump depletion. The Hamiltonian is written in terms of asymptotic-in and -out fields from scattering theory, capable of describing a general interaction. As an example we consider the lossy generation of a highly squeezed state by an effective second-order interaction in a silicon nitride ring resonator point coupled to a waveguide. We calculate the photon number, the Schmidt number, and the second-order correlation function of the generated state in the waveguide. The treatment we present provides a path forward to study the deterministic generation of non-Gaussian states in resonant systems.
We present a method for describing nonlinear electromagnetic interactions in integrated photonic devices utilizing an asymptotic-in (-out) field formalism. Our method expands upon previous continuous wave asymptotic treatments by describing the evolution nonperturbatively for an arbitrary pulsed input. This is presented in the context of a squeezing interaction within an integrated micro-ring resonator side coupled to an input-output waveguide, but is readily generalizable to other integrated structures, while including a variety of (nonsqueezing) third-order interactions. An example of a single-pump, nondegenerate squeezing interaction is studied, which is shown to match well with standard coupled-mode treatments for high-finesse resonators, as well as previous perturbative treatments dealing with the generation of pairs with low probability.
We present a method for describing nonlinear electromagnetic interactions in integrated photonic devices utilizing an asymptotic-in/out field formalism. Our method expands upon previous continuous wave asymptotic treatments by describing the evolution non-perturbatively for an arbitrary pulsed input. This is presented in the context of a squeezing interaction within an integrated microring resonator side coupled to an input/output waveguide, but is readily generalizable to other integrated structures, while including a variety of (non-squeezing) third-order interactions. An example of a single-pump, non-degenerate squeezing interaction is studied, which is shown to match well with standard coupled-mode treatments for high-finesse resonators, as well as previous perturbative treatments dealing with the generation of pairs with low probability.
We explore how III-V semiconductor microring resonators can efficiently generate photon pairs and squeezed vacuum states via spontaneous parametric down-conversion by utilizing their built-in quasi-phase-matching and modal dispersion. We present an analytic expression for the biphoton wave function of photon pairs generated by weak pump pulses and characterize the squeezed states that result under stronger pumping conditions. Our model includes loss and captures the statistics of the scattered photons. A detailed sample calculation shows that for low pump power conversion efficiencies of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$, corresponding to a rate of 39 MHz for a pump power of $1\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{W}$, are attainable for rudimentary structures such as a simple microring coupled to a waveguide, in both the continuous-wave and pulsed-excitation regimes. Our results suggest that high levels of squeezing and pump depletion are attainable, possibly leading to the deterministic generation of non-Gaussian states.
The intensity buildup of light inside a lossy microring resonator can be used to enhance the generation of squeezed states via spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC). In this work, we model the generation of squeezed light in a microring resonator that is pumped with a Gaussian pulse via a side-coupled channel waveguide. We theoretically determine the optimum pump pulse duration and ring-to-channel coupling constant to minimize the quadrature noise (maximize the squeezing) in the ring for a fixed input pump energy. We derive approximate analytic expressions for the optimal coupling and pump pulse duration as a function of scattering loss in the ring. These results will enable researchers to easily determine the optimal design of microring resonator systems for the generation of quadrature-squeezed states.
We develop a non-perturbative description of squeezed light generation in an arbitrary lossy structure consisting of multiple coupled microring resonators. This is applied to two ring photonic molecules where the interference of the fields in the coupled rings leads to a modification in the resonance spectrum near a shared resonance. Considering a dual-pump degenerate squeezing scheme under a five resonance approximation, we investigate two methods to suppress parasitic four-wave mixing contributions and compensate for group velocity dispersion within a primary resonator through hybridization effects with a second auxiliary resonator. In the former case, this comes from an effective splitting of the unwanted resonances supporting parasitic four-wave mixing interactions that add thermal noise to the desired degenerate squeezed state. For sufficiently strong coupling between the resonators, we demonstrate near complete suppression of such parasitic processes, resulting in near unit fidelities with the corresponding output state that would arise were the parasitic interactions neglected. In the latter case, the hybridization effectively shifts a pump resonance, realigning the desired dual-pump four-wave mixing process and leading to a significant enhancement of the signal generation and output squeezing.
Entangled multi-mode squeezed states of light have a wide variety of applications in quantum information systems, particularly in the generation of non-Gaussian states of light, which are central to continuous-variable quantum computing. Although theoretical approaches exist to model the nonlinear generation of one- and two-mode entangled states of light in ring resonator systems, these approaches are difficult to implement in modeling more complicated many-cavity systems. In this work, we present an efficient and accurate theoretical approach to modeling the generation and propagation of quantum states of light in lossy coupled-cavity systems containing a two- or three-mode nonlinear resonant structure. Our approach is general and computationally viable even in systems with hundreds of modes. We apply our method to the design and modeling of a multimode photonic crystal coupled-cavity system for the generation of entangled squeezed states of light on-chip. The system consists of a three-mode resonant structure coupled to three coupled-resonator optical waveguides (CROWs) in a square lattice silicon photonic crystal slab. The computational speed of the method allows us to efficiently optimize the system such that the signal and idler light in the two output CROWs remains entangled even after propagating tens of cavities down the CROWs.