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arXiv:2403.03467

Multimode Quantum Correlations in Supercontinuum Pulses

Aruto Hosaka, Shintaro Niimura, Masaya Tomita, Akihito Omi, Masahiro Takeoka, Fumihiko Kannari

Published Mar 6, 2024• 1 citation
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Abstract

Suprecontinuum (SC) light contains complex spectral noise structure and its accurate characterization is important for fundamental understanding of its physics as well as for its applications. Several experimental and theoretical noise characterizations have been performed so far. However, none of them takes into account the quantum mechanical properties. Here, we demonstrate experimental characterisation of quantum noise and its spectral correlations formed in the SC light generated from a photonic crystal fiber. Moreover, by applying an appropriate basis transformation to these correlations, we demonstrate that the SC noise amplitude can be squeezed below the shot-noise limit in some bases, even in the presence of excessively large nonlinearities.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2403.03467

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Suprecontinuum (SC) light contains complex spectral noise structure and its accurate characterization is important for fundamental understanding of its physics as well as for its applications. Several experimental and theoretical noise characterizations have been performed so far. However, none of them takes into account the quantum mechanical properties. Here, we demonstrate experimental characterisation of quantum noise and its spectral correlations formed in the SC light generated from a photonic crystal fiber. Moreover, by applying an appropriate basis transformation to these correlations, we demonstrate that the SC noise amplitude can be squeezed below the shot-noise limit in some bases, even in the presence of excessively large nonlinearities.
A supercontinuum (SC) laser pulse, which is generated through third-order nonlinear process, is valuable light for various applications such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), and spectral measurement. Coherence of a SC pulse is one of the most important properties because the accuracy and sensitivity of these measurements are determined by its noise property. Recently, the second-order coherence property has been revealed by some numerical simulations and experiments [1, 2]. According to these previous reports, the coherence of the SC pulse has been almost lost through the spectral broadening process. However, the depletion of the coherence has been studied only in two bases: time and frequency. Thus, we experimentally study the coherent basis from noisy modes of the SC pulse by utilizing multimode quantum theory [3, 4].
In reality, a wide variety of laser sources have fluctuations in excess (and often far in excess) of the coherent state, even when technical noise sources are suppressed. I present recent advances that challenge this paradigm, and show how multimode nonlinearities can be steered towards reducing the noise of intense beams of light down to quantum limits associated with coherent states and squeezed states of light. I will show how multimode correlations and wavefront shaping can suppress excess noise by orders of magnitude: reaching, and even surpassing, the shot-noise limit. We demonstrate these effects for femtosecond pulses propagating in both single-mode fibers and in multi-mode fibers. Our ability to control noise is aided by a general theory framework that we have developed, called quantum sensitivity analysis, which lets us predict how quantum noise is transformed by nonlinear and multimode systems.
Quantum correlations of photon numbers in different spectral components of ultrashort optical solitons have been observed experimentally. These correlations are crucial for the understanding and characterization of the internal quantum structure of soliton pulses and contribute significantly to soliton squeezing by spectral filtering. The accessible information on the nonclassical state of the correlated spectral components is discussed with the example of two modes. The method may be generalized to obtain a complete quantum description of a multimode field.
Squeezing is a fundamental quantum optical phenomenon - induced by various nonlinear optical processes - in which a special state of the electromagnetic field is generated, for which quantum noise fluctuations are reduced below the shot noise level for certain frequency ranges. Two qualitatively different kinds of squeezing are currently known to take place in optical fibers. The first is the four-wave mixing (FWM) induced quadrature squeezing, in which an intense continuous wave (CW) pump initiates a spontaneous emission of signal and idler waves from vacuum fluctuations at symmetric detunings from the pump. The noise components at the signal and idler frequencies become correlated via the fiber nonlinearity, leading to a reduction of the noise power spectrum below the shot noise level. All the waves participating to the FWM-induced squeezing are monochromatic waves. The second kind of squeezing is the so called self-phase modulation (SPM) induced squeezing, in which the spectral components of an intense short pulse in a coherent state become correlated via the SPM during propagation. We demonstrate theoretically that a third kind of squeezing is possible in optical fibers, in which the noise spectrum of the quasi-monochromatic resonant radiation (RR) emitted by optical solitons when subject to perturbations shows evidence of photon correlation and a reduction of noise below the shot-noise level.
Summary form only given.Spectral filtering of optical solitons has been demonstrated to squeeze their photon-number uncertainty up to a measured value of 3.8 dB. The squeezing has been explained in terms of an uneven spectral distribution of photon-number noise caused by the Kerr nonlinearity of the fiber. Some indication for correlations among different frequency components has been found in a numerical analysis. We present the first experimental evidence for such spectral correlations. The experimental setup is shown. Pulses of 130 fs centered at 1.5 /spl mu/m are launched into a 2.9-m polarization-presenting single-mode optical fiber with energies close to the fundamental soliton energy.
Nonlinear optical effects such as frequency conversion form the basis for many practical light sources. In a variety of settings, the performance of such sources is limited by quantum noise. In many nonlinear systems, this quantum noise gets strongly amplified, as a result of the large sensitivity of the nonlinear dynamics to changes in the initial conditions - a feature common to many nonlinear systems. Here, we develop a general theory of quantum noise resulting from nonlinear dynamics initiated by many-photon Gaussian quantum states. The theory provides guidelines to find the optimal quantum state to inject to maximally suppress the noise at the output. As a concrete example of the concept and theory, we consider the nonlinear optical phenomenon of supercontinuum generation by a femtosecond pulse, a famously noise-generating process, which is important in a range of applications in materials characterization and life science. By seeding supercontinuum generation with pulsed squeezed vacuum, one can achieve order-of-magnitude magnitude reduction of intensity and phase noise simultaneously, over a broad band of wavelengths, passively, and with no change in spectrum. The large magnitude and bandwidth of this effect is challenging to achieve by other means of stabilization, pointing to a promising approach for controlling quantum noise in a variety of nonlinear systems.