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arXiv:2402.08102 · Physical Review Research

Routing entanglement through quantum networks

Karl Pelka, Matteo Aquilina, André Xuereb

Published Apr 20, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Entanglement, one of the clearest manifestations of nonclassical physics, holds significant promise for technological applications such as more secure communications and faster computations. In this Letter, we explore the use of nonreciprocal transport in a network of continuous-variable systems to route entanglement in one direction through the network. We develop the theory and discuss a potential realization of controllable flow of entanglement in quantum systems; our method employs only Gaussian interactions and engineered dissipation to break the symmetry. We also explore the conditions under which thermal fluctuations limit the distance over which the entanglement propagates and observe a counterintuitive behavior between this distance, the strength of the entanglement source, and the strength of the hopping through the network.

DOI
10.1103/hsc8-pv2s

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Entanglement, one of the clearest manifestations of nonclassical physics, holds significant promise for technological applications such as more secure communications and faster computations. In this Letter, we explore the use of nonreciprocal transport in a network of continuous-variable systems to route entanglement in one direction through the network. We develop the theory and discuss a potential realization of controllable flow of entanglement in quantum systems; our method employs only Gaussian interactions and engineered dissipation to break the symmetry. We also explore the conditions under which thermal fluctuations limit the distance over which the entanglement propagates and observe a counterintuitive behavior between this distance, the strength of the entanglement source, and the strength of the hopping through the network.
Abstract Nonlocality is a key feature of quantum networks and is being studied for its potential applications in quantum communication and computing. Understanding and harnessing nonlocality in quantum networks can lead to the development of faster and more secure communication systems. All the nonclassicalities are limited to discrete variable quantum networks. The first method is proposed to verify the network nonlocality of all optical quantum network consisting of two entangled states where one‐way classical communication is allowed. This provides the first device‐independent method to verify the quantum correlations generated from all optical continuous‐variable quantum networks.
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Quantum entanglement enables important computing applications such as quantum key distribution. Based on quantum entanglement, quantum networks are built to provide long-distance secret sharing between two remote communication parties. Establishing a multi-hop quantum entanglement exhibits a high failure rate, and existing quantum networks rely on trusted repeater nodes to transmit quantum bits. However, when the scale of a quantum network increases, it requires end-to-end multi-hop quantum entanglements in order to deliver secret bits without letting the repeaters know the secret bits. This work focuses on the entanglement routing problem, whose objective is to build long-distance entanglements via untrusted repeaters for concurrent source-destination pairs through multiple hops. Different from existing work that analyzes the traditional routing techniques on special network topologies, we present a comprehensive entanglement routing model that reflects the differences between quantum networks and classical networks as well as a new entanglement routing algorithm that utilizes the unique properties of quantum networks. Evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm Q-CAST increases the number of successful long-distance entanglements by a big margin compared to other methods. The model and simulator developed by this work may encourage more network researchers to study the entanglement routing problem.
Quantum entanglement enables important computing applications such as quantum key distribution. Based on quantum entanglement, quantum networks are built to provide long-distance secret sharing between two remote communication parties. Establishing a multi-hop quantum entanglement exhibits a high failure rate, and existing quantum networks rely on trusted repeater nodes to transmit quantum bits. However, when the scale of a quantum network increases, it requires end-to-end multi-hop quantum entanglements in order to deliver secret bits without letting the repeaters know the secret bits. This work focuses on the entanglement routing problem, whose objective is to build long-distance entanglements via untrusted repeaters for concurrent source-destination pairs through multiple hops. Different from existing work that analyzes the traditional routing techniques on special network topologies, we present a comprehensive entanglement routing model that reflects the differences between quantum networks and classical networks as well as a new entanglement routing algorithm that utilizes the unique properties of quantum networks. Evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm Q-CAST increases the number of successful long-distance entanglements by a big margin compared to other methods. The model and simulator developed by this work may encourage more network researchers to study the entanglement routing problem.
Quantum networks enable a number of important applications such as quantum key distribution. The basic function of a quantum network is to enable long-distance quantum entanglement between two remote communication parties. This work focuses on the entanglement routing problem, whose objective is to build long-distance entanglements for the concurrent source-destination pairs through multiple hops. Different from existing works that analyzes the traditional routing techniques on special network topologies, we present a comprehensive entanglement routing model that reflects the differences between quantum networks and classical networks and new entanglement routing algorithms that utilize the unique properties of quantum networks. Evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm Q-CAST increases the number of successful long-distance entanglements by a big margin compared to other methods. The model and simulator developed by this work may encourage more network researchers to study the entanglement routing problem.
This paper proposes a novel approach to network routing leveraging the unique properties of quantum entanglement. Traditional network routing relies on physical distances and delays, presenting inherent limitations in bandwidth and latency. This research posits that quantum entanglement can be harnessed to overcome these constraints, enabling ultra-high bandwidth and low-latency data routing. The core concept involves constructing a "quantum network" composed of entangled qubits, enabling efficient data transmission and routing via precise control of the entangled states. We explore and develop algorithms designed to minimize entanglement loss and latency, crucial factors in realizing the full potential of this technology. The theoretical framework presented here introduces a fundamentally new paradigm for network architecture, moving beyond classical constraints and towards a quantum-enhanced communication infrastructure. The primary focus is on the theoretical design and optimization of routing protocols specifically tailored for entangled quantum networks. We outline a methodology for simulating and optimizing quantum routing algorithms, acknowledging the challenges associated with decoherence and entanglement degradation. This work establishes a foundation for future research and development in quantum networking and routing.