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arXiv:2401.17466 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

DC electric field driven discretization of single-particle excitation spectra in a Mott insulator

K. Sugimoto

Published Jun 5, 2025• 1 citation
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Abstract

We theoretically investigate the single-particle excitation spectra of a one-dimensional Hubbard model at half filling using an infinite matrix-product state and elucidate the discretized energy spectra emerging under the influence of a dc electric field. In a weak electric-field regime, we observe two kinds of spectral structures in the density of states. With increasing the electric-field strength, the discretized spectra, the period of which is proportional to the strength, become dominant, and the density of states exhibits the Wannier-Stark ladder in their spectra. In addition, we also simulate time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy using an ultrashort terahertz pump pulse that approximates a dc electric field. Our results represent a significant step forward in understanding the states in strongly correlated electron systems driven by a static electric field.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.111.245118

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We theoretically investigate the single-particle excitation spectra of a one-dimensional Hubbard model at half filling using an infinite matrix-product state and elucidate the discretized energy spectra emerging under the influence of a dc electric field. In a weak electric-field regime, we observe two kinds of spectral structures in the density of states. With increasing the electric-field strength, the discretized spectra, the period of which is proportional to the strength, become dominant, and the density of states exhibits the Wannier-Stark ladder in their spectra. In addition, we also simulate time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy using an ultrashort terahertz pump pulse that approximates a dc electric field. Our results represent a significant step forward in understanding the states in strongly correlated electron systems driven by a static electric field.
External-field driven energy-level discretization, such as Landau quantization or Stark localization, is one of the most intriguing phenomena in quantum systems. We investigate the emergence of the Wannier-Stark ladder coming from the particle-hole continuum and the Stark shifts of the exciton levels in one-dimensional Mott insulators under the dc electric field. The discretized peak structure in the optical-conductivity spectra newly appears by applying the dc electric field, and the positions of these peaks can be reproduced from the energy levels of a simple effective model in the strong-coupling regime. Our results not only suggest that Mott insulators can serve as a viable platform for Stark discretization, but also pave the way for investigations of dynamical properties in correlated many-body systems under a dc electric field.
We investigate the dynamical spin and charge structure factors and the one-particle spectral function of the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model at half band filling using the dynamical density-matrix renormalization-group method. The influence of the model parameters on these frequency- and momentum-resolved dynamical correlation functions is discussed in detail for the Mott-insulating regime. We find quantitative agreement between our numerical results and experiments for the optical conductivity, resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, neutron scattering, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in the quasi-one-dimensional Mott insulator SrCuO2\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}SrCuO2​.
As a generic model describing quasi-one-dimensional Mott and Peierls insulators, we investigate the Holstein-Hubbard model for half-filled bands using numerical techniques. Combining Lanczos diagonalization with Chebyshev moment expansion we calculate exactly the photoemission and inverse photoemission spectra, and use these to establish the phase diagram of the model. While polaronic features emerge only at strong electron-phonon couplings, pronounced phonon signatures, such as multiquanta band states, can be found in the Mott insulating regime as well. In order to corroborate the Mott to Peierls transition scenario, we determine the spin- and charge-excitation gaps by a finite-size scaling analysis based on density-matrix renormalization-group calculations.
Understanding strongly correlated systems driven out of equilibrium is a challenging task necessitating the simultaneous treatment of quantum mechanics, dynamical constraints, and strong interactions. A Mott insulator subjected to a uniform and static electric field is prototypical, raising key questions such as the fate of Bloch oscillations with increasing correlation strength, the approach to a steady-state DC transport regime and the role of dissipation in it, and electric-field-driven phase transitions. Despite tremendous efforts over the past decade employing various numerical and analytical approaches, the manner in which a nonequilibrium steady state gets established has remained an unresolved problem. We develop here an effective large-N\mathcal{N}N Keldysh field theory for studying nonequilibrium transport in a regular one-dimensional dissipative Mott insulator system subjected to a uniform electric field. Upon abruptly turning on the electric field (a quench), a transient oscillatory current response reminiscent of Bloch oscillations is found. In the regime of small tunneling conductance the amplitude of these oscillations, over a large time window, decreases as an inverse square power law in time, ultimately going over to an exponential decay beyond a large characteristic time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{d}$ that increases with N.\mathcal{N}.N. Such a relaxation to a steady-state DC response is absent in the dissipation-free Hubbard chain at half filling. The steady-state current at small fields is governed by large-distance cotunneling, a process absent in the equilibrium counterpart. The low-field DC current has a Landau-Zener-Schwinger form but qualitatively differs from the expression for pair-production probability for the dissipation-free counterpart. The breakdown of perturbation theory in the Mott phase possibly signals a nonequilibrium phase transition to a metallic phase. Our study sheds light on the approach of a driven, dissipative strongly correlated system to a nonequilibrium steady state and also provides a general analytic microscopic framework for understanding other nonequilibrium phenomena in these systems.
By utilizing time-dependent tensor-network algorithms in the infinite matrix-product-state representation, we theoretically investigate the pump-probe spectroscopy of the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model at half filling. Our focus lies on nonequilibrium optical conductivity and single-particle excitation spectra. In the spin-density-wave (SDW) phase, we identify an in-gap state in the nonequilibrium optical conductivity due to the formation of excitons (or doublon-holon pairs), generated by the pulse through nonlocal interactions. In the strong-coupling regime, we discern additional multiple in-gap and out-of-gap states. In the charge-density-wave (CDW) phase, we detect not only an in-gap state but also a finite Drude weight, which results from the dissolution of charge order by photoexcitation. Analyzing time-dependent single-particle excitation spectra directly in the thermodynamic limit confirms the origin of these new states in the SDW and CDW phases as the excitation of newly emerged dispersions. We illustrate that the pump-probe spectroscopy simulations in the thermodynamic limit furnish unambiguous spectral structures that allow for direct comparison with experimental results, and the integration of nonequilibrium optical conductivity and time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy provides comprehensive insights into nonequilibrium states.
We present a systematic study of the nonequilibrium steady states (NESS) in Mott insulators driven by dc or ac electric fields, based on the Floquet dynamical mean-field theory. The results are analyzed using a generalized tunneling formula for the current, which is reminiscent of the Meir-Wingreen formula and provides insights into the relevant physical processes. In the dc case, the spectrum of the NESSs exhibits Wannier-Stark (WS) states associated with the lower and upper Hubbard bands. In addition, there emerge WS sidebands from many-body states. Using the tunneling formula, we demonstrate that the tunneling between these WS states leads to peaks or humps in the induced dc current. In the ac case, we cover a wide parameter range of excitation frequencies and field strengths to clarify the crossover from field-induced tunneling behavior in the dc limit to nonequilibrium states dominated by multiphoton absorption in the ac limit. In the crossover regime, the single-particle spectrum is characterized by a coexistence of Floquet sidebands and WS peaks, and the current and double occupation exhibit a nontrivial dependence on the field strength. The tunneling formula works quantitatively well even in the ac case, and we use it to discuss the potential cooperation of tunneling and multiphoton processes in the crossover regime. The tunneling formula and its simplified versions also provide physical insights into the high-harmonic generation in Mott insulators.