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arXiv:2311.15226 · Physical Review A

Ring Bose-Einstein condensate in a cavity: Chirality detection and rotation sensing

N. Pradhan, Pardeep Kumar, Rina Kanamoto, Tarak Nath Dey, Mishkatul Bhattacharya, Pankaj Kumar Mishra

Published Feb 21, 2024• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Recently, a method has been proposed to detect the rotation of a ring Bose-Einstein condensate, , in real-time, and with minimal destruction by using a cavity driven with optical fields carrying orbital angular momentum []. This method is sensitive to the magnitude of the condensate winding number but not its sign. In the present work, we consider simulations of the rotation of the angular lattice formed by the optical fields and show that the resulting cavity transmission spectra are sensitive to the sign of the condensate winding number. We demonstrate the minimally destructive technique on persistent current rotational eigenstates, counter-rotating superpositions, and a soliton singly or in collision with a second soliton. Conversely, we also investigate the sensitivity of the ring condensate, given knowledge of its winding number, to the rotation of the optical lattice. This characterizes the effectiveness of the optomechanical configuration as a laboratory rotation sensor. Our results are important to studies of rotating ring condensates used in atomtronics, superfluid hydrodynamics, simulation of topological defects and cosmological theories, interferometry using matter-wave solitons, and optomechanical sensing. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

DOI
10.1103/physreva.109.023524

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We present numerical simulations of the cavity optomechanical detection of persistent currents and bright solitons in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a ring trap. This paper describes a technique that measures condensate rotation , in real time, and with minimal destruction, in contrast to currently used methods, all of which destroy the condensate completely. For weakly repulsive interatomic interactions, the analysis of persistent currents extends our previous few-mode treatment of the condensate [P. Kumar ] to a stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii simulation. For weakly attractive atomic interactions, we present the first analysis of optomechanical detection of matter-wave soliton motion. We provide optical cavity transmission spectra containing signatures of the condensate rotation, sensitivity as a function of the system response frequency, and atomic density profiles quantifying the effect of the measurement backaction on the condensate. We treat the atoms at a mean-field level and the optical field classically, account for damping and noise in both degrees of freedom, and investigate the linear as well as nonlinear response of the configuration. Our results are consequential for the characterization of rotating matter waves in studies of atomtronics, superfluid hydrodynamics, and matter-wave soliton interferometry. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
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Atomic superfluids formed using Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in a ring trap are currently investigated in the context of superfluid hydrodynamics, quantum sensing, and matter-wave interferometry. The characterization of the rotational properties of such superfluids is important, but can presently only be performed by using optical absorption imaging, which completely destroys the condensate. Recent studies have proposed coupling the ring BEC to optical cavity modes carrying orbital angular momentum to make minimally destructive measurements of the condensate rotation. The sensitivity of these proposals, however, is bounded below by the standard quantum limit set by the combination of laser shot noise and radiation pressure noise. In this work we provide a theoretical framework that exploits the fact that the interaction between the scattered modes of the condensate and the light reduces to effective optomechanical equations of motion. We present a detailed theoretical analysis to demonstrate that the use of squeezed light and backaction evasion techniques allows the angular momentum of the condensate to be sensed with noise well below the standard quantum limit. Our proposal is relevant to atomtronics, quantum sensing, and quantum information.
A quantum device for measuring two-body interactions, scalar magnetic fields and rotations is proposed using a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in a ring trap. We consider an imbalanced superposition of orbital angular momentum modes with opposite winding numbers for which a rotating minimal atomic density line appears. We derive an analytical model relating the angular frequency of the minimal density line rotation to the strength of the nonlinear atom–atom interactions and the difference between the populations of the counter-propagating modes. Additionally, we propose a full experimental protocol based on direct fluorescence imaging of the BEC that allows to measure all the quantities involved in the analytical model and use the system for sensing purposes.