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arXiv:2309.03284 · Nature Photonics

Photonic link from single-flux-quantum circuits to room temperature

Mohan Shen, Jiacheng Xie, Yuntao Xu, Sihao Wang, Risheng Cheng, Wei Fu, Yiyu Zhou, Hong X. Tang

Published Jan 16, 2024• 53 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1038/s41566-023-01370-2

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We develop an energy efficient digital data link connecting cryogenic superconducting single flux quantum (SFQ) circuits to room-temperature electronics. The design is based on low-temperature (4 K) superconductor ERSFQ SFQ/dc drivers, high-temperature superconductor data cables spanning 4 K to 70 K temperature stages, mid-temperature (70 K) polarization modulation vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (PM VCSELs), and fiber optic links to room temperature electronics. The Energy-efficient Cryogenic Optical (ECO) data link design is based on balancing power dissipation and signal gain at each temperature stage to maximize overall energy efficiency following the recently introduced Thermo-Gain Rule. To achieve VCSEL light emission with two switchable distinct polarization modes, a cruciform-shaped anisotropic optical cavity is formed by fabrication of a photonic crystal with etched periodic air holes surrounding the unetched cruciform region. In this report, we present the results of design, fabrication, and preliminary testing of the ECO data link components.
Improving the efficiency in digital data transport, originating from 4 K superconductor integrated circuits (ICs) to standard room-temperature (300 K) electronics, both in terms of speed and power consumption, is vitally important for nearly all applications of superconductor digital electronics. The required data link must include all necessary amplification and conditioning to convert digital data from single flux quantum (SFQ) logic to standard CMOS logic levels. Therefore, one must minimize the overall power consumption for the required total data throughout by taking into account all parts of the link: (1) data transmitters or output drivers with SFQ input, (2) additional amplifiers, (3) transmission lines, and (4) data receivers at room-temperature, such as the ones available on commercial field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Here, we describe two variants of electrical data links, with and without cryogenic semiconductor amplifiers.
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