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arXiv:2308.16643

A device for magnetic-field angle control in magneto-optical filters using a solenoid-permanent magnet pair

Sharaa A. Alqarni, Briscoe, Jack D., Clare R. Higgins, Fraser D. Logue, Danielle Pizzey, Thomas G. Robertson-Brown, Ifan G. Hughes

Published Aug 11, 2023• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Atomic bandpass filters are used in a variety of applications due to their narrow bandwidths and high transmission at specific frequencies. Predominantly these filters in the Faraday (Voigt) geometry, using an applied axial(transverse) magnetic field with respect to the laser propagation direction. Recently, there has been interest in filters realized with arbitrary-angle magnetic fields, which have been made by rotating permanent magnets with respect to the $k$-vector of the interrogating laser beam. However, the magnetic-field angle achievable with this method is limited as field uniformity across the cell decreases as the rotation angle increases. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a new method of generating an arbitrary-angle magnetic field, using a solenoid to produce a small, and easily alterable, axial field, in conjunction with fixed permanent magnets to produce a large transverse field. We directly measure the fields produced by both methods, finding them to be very similar over the length of the vapor cell. We then compare the transmission profiles of filters produced using both methods, again finding excellent agreement. Finally, we demonstrate the sensitivity of filter profile to changing magnetic-field angle (solenoid current), which becomes easier to exploit with the much improved angle control and precision offered by our new design.

DOI
10.15128/r2rb68xb893

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Atomic bandpass filters are used in a variety of applications due to their narrow bandwidths and high transmission at specific frequencies. Predominantly these filters in the Faraday (Voigt) geometry, using an applied axial(transverse) magnetic field with respect to the laser propagation direction. Recently, there has been interest in filters realized with arbitrary-angle magnetic fields, which have been made by rotating permanent magnets with respect to the kkk-vector of the interrogating laser beam. However, the magnetic-field angle achievable with this method is limited as field uniformity across the cell decreases as the rotation angle increases. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a new method of generating an arbitrary-angle magnetic field, using a solenoid to produce a small, and easily alterable, axial field, in conjunction with fixed permanent magnets to produce a large transverse field. We directly measure the fields produced by both methods, finding them to be very similar over the length of the vapor cell. We then compare the transmission profiles of filters produced using both methods, again finding excellent agreement. Finally, we demonstrate the sensitivity of filter profile to changing magnetic-field angle (solenoid current), which becomes easier to exploit with the much improved angle control and precision offered by our new design.
Atomic bandpass filters are widely used in a variety of applications, owing to their high peak transmission and narrow bandwidths. Much of the previous literature has used the Faraday effect to realize these filters, where an axial magnetic field is applied across the atomic medium. Here we show that by using a non-axial magnetic field, the performance of these filters can be improved in comparison to the Faraday geometry. We optimize the performance of these filters using a numerical model and verify their performance by direct quantitative comparison with experimental data. We find excellent agreement between experiment and theory. These optimized filters could find use in many of the areas where Faraday filters are currently used, with little modification to the optical setup, allowing for improved performance with relatively little change.
Single-cell magneto-optical Faraday filters find great utility and are realized with either “wing” or “line center” spectral profiles. We show that cascading a second cell with independent axial (Faraday) or transverse (Voigt) magnetic field leads to improved performance in terms of figure of merit (FOM) and spectral profile. The first cell optically rotates the plane of polarization of light creating the high transmission window; the second cell selectively absorbs the light eliminating unwanted transmission. Using naturally abundant Rb vapor cells, we realize a Faraday–Faraday wing filter and the first, to the best of our knowledge, recorded Faraday–Voigt line center filter which show excellent agreement with theory. The two filters have FOM values of 0.86 and 1.63 GHz−1, respectively.
Magneto-optical filters are ultra-narrow frequency selection devices that use atoms as the active medium. Frequency dependent dispersion, scattering and absorption make alkali atoms ideal for polarisation sensitive filtering, traditionally with equivalent noise bandwidths of several GHz and little control over the lineshape profile. Our investigations focus on two major improvements to magneto-optical filter performance: a) cascading two vapour cells with independent parameters and b) exerting magnetic fields at oblique angles to the light propagation direction. Optimised two-cell cascaded setups have a polarisation ‘transformation’ cell and a cell which ‘extinguishes’ unwanted features. Oblique magnetic fields result in frequency dependent non-orthogonal propagation eigenmodes which are directly responsible for narrower birefringent regions and better extinction of light outside these regions. We find very good agreement with theory and realise filters with equivalent noise bandwidths as low as ∼ 100 MHz with greater control of lineshape features. We consider theoretically further performance improvements which utilise exceptional points where the propagation eigenmodes coalesce completely.
We present an investigation of magneto-optic rotation in both the Faraday and Voigt geometries. We show that more physical insight can be gained in a comparison of the Faraday and Voigt effects by visualising optical rotation trajectories on the Poincare sphere. This insight is applied to design and experimentally demonstrate an improved ultra-narrow optical bandpass filter based on combining optical rotation from two cascaded cells - one in the Faraday geometry and one in the Voigt geometry. Our optical filter has an equivalent noise bandwidth of 0.56 GHz, and a figure-of-merit value of 1.22(2) GHz−1^{-1}−1 which is higher than any previously demonstrated filter on the Rb D2 line.
We present experimental and theoretical work on atomic bandpass filters and spectroscopic characterisations of alkali vapour systems for magneto-optical applications. We demonstrate a new method for generating arbitrary angle magnetic fields in atomic filters using Rb vapour. This involves a fixed of permanent magnets in a Voigt geometry combined with a solenoid. We compare this method with the previously used method of rotating the permanent magnet pair. This setup offers more precise and flexible angle control. While both methods generate similar transmission profiles, the new setup allows larger angles and supports longer vapour cells, enhancing magneto-optical filters. Next, we investigate K D1 transition in the presence of neon buffer gas, in particular the pressure induced broadening and frequency shift, and the Zeeman splitting in the hyperfine Paschen-Back (HPB) regime. We use dual-control temperature systems to independently adjust Doppler and collisional effects, and we achieve excellent agreement with literature values for potassium-neon collisions. For the first time, buffer gas effects integrate into our theoretical model ElecSus, producing accurate prediction of modified Voigt profiles. We conduct a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study into the Stokes polarimetry of potassium atomic vapour with neon buffer gas, focusing on the temperature and magnetic field effects. This work represents the first application of ElecSus to model the buffer gas polarimetry of K D1 transitions. This study provides new insights into the effects of buffer gases on Stokes parameters, and indicates advances in a theoretical framework for understanding atom-light interactions in buffer gas environments.
SummaryCompared with Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter, the atom optical filter based on the Voigt effect can generate a stronger and more uniform magnetic field with a compact size of the magnet. The transmission characteristics of the Voigt anomalous dispersion optical filter (VADOF) are further investigated, and a transmission spectrum with ultra-low bandwidth immune to the cell temperature is constructed. Therefore, this optical filter has the potential to perform well in a complex environment, such as outdoor and out space. Importantly, the VADOF could be applied to a diode laser as a frequency-selective element, named "Voigt laser", contributing to better frequency stability.