We present a device that exploits spatial and spectral correlations in parametric downconversion at once. By using a ghost imaging arrangement, we have been able to reconstruct remotely the frequency profile of a composite system. The presence of distinct spectral regions is corroborated by a model-independent statistical analysis that constitutes an intriguing possibility also in the low count regime.
We present a device that exploits spatial and spectral correlations in parametric downconversion at once. By using a ghost imaging arrangement, we have been able to reconstruct remotely the frequency profile of a composite system. The presence of distinct spectral regions is corroborated by a model-independent statistical analysis that constitutes an intriguing possibility also in the low count regime.
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide We present a device that exploits spatial and spectral correlations in parametric down-conversion at once. By using a ghost imaging arrangement, we were able to remotely reconstruct the frequency profile of a composite system. Our device can detect the presence of distinct spatial regions, each of them characterized by different spectral absorption. This is enabled by a model-independent analysis, making it possible to identify the spectral component based uniquely on the collected data and without recurring to a priori information. Such an approach can be beneficial in the low-count regime, which is a typical condition in these experiments.
Ghost imaging is a novel non-conventional technique allowing to generate high resolution images by correlating the intensity of two light beams, neither of which independently contains sufficient information about the spatial distribution and shape of the object. The first demonstration of ghost imaging used light in double photon state, obtained from spontaneous parametric down-conversion. Owing to the entanglement of the source photons, the proposed theory required quantum descriptions for both the optical source and its photo-detection statistics1. However, subsequent experimental and theoretical considerations2,3 demonstrated that ghost imaging can be performed also with thermalized light, utilizing either CCD detector arrays or photon-counting detectors, thus admitting to a semi-classical description, employing classical fields and shot-noise limited detectors. This has generated increasing interest4-6 in establishing a unifying theory that characterizes the fundamental physics of ghost imaging and defines the boundary between classical and quantum domains. In this view, we exploited recent progress obtained through the application of Fourier Transform Techniques to demonstrate ghost imaging in the frequency domain, in order to measure a continuous spectrum by using a highly brilliant and coherent monochromatic source. In particular, we demonstrate the application of this ghost imaging technique to broadband spectroscopic measurements by means of interaction free photon detection. The experimental apparatus and the collected data are described in a dedicated work7. In this paper, we consider the theoretical aspects underlying the proposed Spectroscopic technique. In particular, two alternative theoretical models are presented. In one case, a statistical approach (semi-classical) is applied, where the states of the sampling beam are considered, whereas in the other case a pure quantum treatment is carried on, by describing the interaction of vacuum states generated by photon conversion processes. Both theoretical models, though carried on by means of a complementary formalism, lead to equivalent results and offer a physical interpretation of the collected experimental data. The application of these results offer novel perspectives for remote sensing in low light conditions, or in spectral regions where sensitive detectors are lacking.
The process of image recording is arguably one of the most prevalent technology in modern society and continues to inspire vast swathes of research due to its widespread applications spanning military, medical and consumer spheres. The danger present in a field so broad is that separate niches of research can become isolated with critical advancements struggling to traverse the gulfs between. Unifying the field is the omnipresent drive to acquire an ever increasing quality of images at the lowest possible cost, a goal which warrants continual fundamental research. Quantum entanglement exhibits many intriguing characteristics which make it a suitable tool for such fundamental investigations. The process of spontaneous parametric down- conversion has offered a yet unbeaten strength of photon correlations with the quantum nature of their production providing a reliable and controllable source of single-photons. Arising from these attributes is the technique known as ghost imaging. Though now known to be classically possible, the strength of entanglement generated correlations is yet to be surpassed. This thesis implemented this technique in tandem with the cutting edge detector technology in order to probe the fundamentals of image formation. This form of imaging allowed us to subject an object to a known number of photons whilst acquiring structural information from spatially separate, correlated photons which never interact with the object. The strength of the produced correlations allow us to acquire low background, high resolution images with far less light than traditional techniques and affords many novel benefits. The possibility of incorporating this technique with pre-existent regimes allowed me to draw from advancements made across the landscape of imaging research. Although referred to as “quantum ghost imaging” throughout this work, it should be noted that the intrinsic quantum nature of the correlations was not directly relied upon but provided an ideal source of strongly correlated photons. In order to determine the limits of a traditional imaging system this thesis first sought to answer the question: “can an image of an object be reconstructed from fewer photons than ii pixels in the image?” In chapter 3 I approached this from the perspective of compression, which minimises redundant information within a signal. This lead to the development of an imaging regime capable of imaging with far fewer photons than pixels in the image. By employing assumptions about the sparsity of natural images I was able to reconstruct an image of a biological sample containing an average of less than one photon per image pixel. Having reduced the number of photons necessary to form an image I then considered alternative methods for reducing the optical energy impinging on a sample. I sought to answer the question: “can non-degenerate ghost imaging reduce the optical energy impinged upon an object during imaging”. The photons produced in SPDC need not be of similar wavelengths, however may be chosen far from degeneracy, i.e. non-degenerate. In Chapter 4 I presented a ghost imaging system which illuminated the object with infrared light whilst recording the structural information via entangled visible photons. This allowed for objects opaque to visible light to be imaged in high quality without the need for a spatially resolving infrared detector, the state of the art of which lags behind their silicon based visible counterparts. I presented the systems capabilities by imaging objects which were etched into a gold substrate layered on to silicon, both of which are opaque to visible light. Not only did a reduction in energy deposition arise from the lower energy probe wavelength but applying the reconstruction techniques from the previous chapter brought that down to as low as ≈16 nJcm−2s−1. Seeking to expand the repertoire of applications, the low-light capabilities of my ghost imaging were applied to the technique of phase-contrast microscopy in chapter 5. Typically applied to translucent objects, phase-contrast imaging transfers phase information, i.e. the refractive index changed within the object, into an intensity distribution through the use of a phase-filter. In many of these applications the objects tend to be biological in nature, where high optical exposure can result in bleaching or damage. By applying the phase-filter non- locally, i.e. to the photons correlated to those probing the object, I acquired edge-enhanced images of a phase object whilst illuminating with significantly fewer photons than standard phase-contrast techniques. Having displayed the broad applicability of our low-light ghost imaging system, I then sought to determine the optical resolution in chapter 6. The resolution limits of ghost imaging are not clear at first glance owing to the resolutions dependence upon the strength of spatial correlations. As the length over which the spatial correlations are produced can be brought below the standard diffraction limit, it would seem the resolution of the system could be brought similarly low. To clarify this I artificially restricted the number of spatial modes in each of the correlated beams to uncover the physically realisable resolution. I show that although the resolution of a ghost imaging system to be fundamentally determined by the strength of the correlations, this can never be reached due to the inherent limitations of the intervening imaging system.
Frequency correlations are a versatile and powerful tool which can be exploited to perform spectral analysis of objects whose direct measurement might be unfeasible. This is achieved through a so-called ghost spectrometer, that can be implemented with quantum and classical resources alike. While there are some known advantages associated to the former or the latter choice, an analysis of their metrological capabilities has not yet been performed. Here we report on the metrological comparison between a quantum and a classical ghost spectrometer. We perform the estimation of the transmittivity of a bandpass filter using frequency-entangled photon pairs. Our results show that a quantum advantage is achievable, depending on the values of the transmittivity and on the number of frequency modes analysed.
Quantum ghost imaging uses photon pairs produced from parametric downconversion to enable an alternative method of image acquisition. Information from either one of the photons does not yield an image, but an image can be obtained by harnessing the correlations between them. Here we present an examination of the resolution limits of such ghost imaging systems. In both conventional imaging and quantum ghost imaging the resolution of the image is limited by the point-spread function of the optics associated with the spatially resolving detector. However, whereas in conventional imaging systems the resolution is limited only by this point spread function, in ghost imaging we show that the resolution can be further degraded by reducing the strength of the spatial correlations inherent in the downconversion process.