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arXiv:2308.00387 · Review of Scientific Instruments

Loading of a large Yb MOT on the 1 S 0 → 1 P 1 transition

Hector Letellier, Álvaro Mitchell Galvão de Melo, A. Dorne, Robin Kaiser

Published Dec 1, 2023• 12 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We present an experimental setup to laser cool and trap a large number of ytterbium atoms. Our design uses an oven with an array of micro-tubes for efficient collimation of the atomic beam, and we implement a magneto-optical trap of 174Yb on the 1S0 → 1P1 transition at 399 nm. Despite the absence of a Zeeman slower, we obtain a loading of 4 × 109 at./s. We trap up to N = 109 at., where light-assisted collisions become the dominant loss mechanism. We precisely characterize our atomic beam, the loading rate of the magneto-optical trap, and several loss mechanisms relevant for trapping a large number of atoms.

DOI
10.1063/5.0169772

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Abstract We report a robust technique for laser frequency stabilisation that enables the reproducible loading of in excess of 10 9 Yb atoms from a Zeeman slower directly into a magneto-optical trap (MOT) operating on the 1 S 0 → 3 P 1 transition, without the need for a first stage MOT on the 1 S 0 → 1 P 1 transition. We use a simple atomic beam apparatus to generate narrow fluorescence signals on both the 399 nm 1 S 0 → 1 P 1 transition used for the Zeeman slower and the 556 nm 1 S 0 → 3 P 1 transition. We present in detail the methods for obtaining spectra with a high signal-to-noise ratio and demonstrate error signals suitable for robust frequency stabilisation. Finally we demonstrate the stability and precision of our technique through sensitive measurements of the gravitational sag of the Yb MOT as a function of the intensity of the laser cooling beams, which are in good agreement with theory. These results will be important for efficient loading of the atoms into an optical dipole trap.

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•Jan 1, 2014•1 citation
We present an experimental setup to laser cool and trap a large number of ytterbium atoms. Our design uses an oven with an array of micro-tubes for efficient collimation of the atomic beam, and we implement a magneto-optical trap of 174Yb on the 1S0 → 1P1 transition at 399 nm. Despite the absence of a Zeeman slower, we obtain a loading of 4 × 109 at./s. We trap up to N = 109 at., where light-assisted collisions become the dominant loss mechanism. We precisely characterize our atomic beam, the loading rate of the magneto-optical trap, and several loss mechanisms relevant for trapping a large number of atoms.
We demonstrate efficient loading of an Yb three-dimensional magneto-optical trap (3D MOT) on the 1S0 → 1P1 transition. The experiment employs a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (2D MOT) as an efficient cold atom source. Through optimization of the 2D MOT, auxiliary Zeeman slower, and push beam parameters that govern atomic capture, we achieve an atomic loading rate of 5 × 106 atoms/s in the 3D MOT, with approximately ∼107 trapped atoms. Our experimental results confirm the successful transfer of a substantial number of atoms from the 2D region to the science chamber via the push beam, providing an experimental foundation for subsequent implementation of narrow-line MOT and two-color MOT.
We report the realization of ytterbium magneto-optical trap (MOT) operating on the dipole-allowed 1 S 0 — 1 P 1 transition at 398.9 nm. The MOT is loaded by a slowed atomic beam produced by a Zeeman slower. All seven stable isotopes of Yb atoms could be trapped separately at different laser detuning values. Over 10 7 174 Yb atoms are collected in the MOT, whereas the atom number of fermionic isotope 171 Yb is roughly 2.3 × 10 6 due to a lower abundance. Without the Zeeman slower, the trapped atom numbers are one order of magnitude lower. Both the even and odd isotopes are recognized as excellent candidates of optical clock transition, so the cooling and trapping of ytterbium atoms by the blue MOT is an important step for building an optical clock.
We report the magneto-optical trapping of ytterbium atoms using the 6s2 1S0-6s6p 3P1 intercombination transition. The magneto-optical trap is continuously loaded from an atomic beam decelerated by a Zeeman-tuned atomic-beam slower operated at the 6s2 1S0-6s6p 1P1 transition. Among seven stable isotopes of ytterbium, six isotopes of 170Yb, 171Yb, 172Yb, 173Yb, 174Yb, and 176Yb are successfully trapped. The number and density of the trapped atoms are about 108 and 1011 cm-3, respectively. The temperature of atoms is estimated to be about 20 μK from the time-of-flight measurement. The decay time of the trapped atoms after stopping the loading of atoms is about 3 s.
Abstract We report a robust technique for laser frequency stabilisation that enables the reproducible loading of in excess of 10 9 Yb atoms from a Zeeman slower directly into a magneto-optical trap (MOT) operating on the 1 S 0 → 3 P 1 transition, without the need for a first stage MOT on the 1 S 0 → 1 P 1 transition. We use a simple atomic beam apparatus to generate narrow fluorescence signals on both the 399 nm 1 S 0 → 1 P 1 transition used for the Zeeman slower and the 556 nm 1 S 0 → 3 P 1 transition. We present in detail the methods for obtaining spectra with a high signal-to-noise ratio and demonstrate error signals suitable for robust frequency stabilisation. Finally we demonstrate the stability and precision of our technique through sensitive measurements of the gravitational sag of the Yb MOT as a function of the intensity of the laser cooling beams, which are in good agreement with theory. These results will be important for efficient loading of the atoms into an optical dipole trap.
The realization of cold atoms using a compact and low-power-consumption experimental setup is indispensable for cold atom experiments, including optical clocks and quantum simulations. We demonstrate the direct loading of Yb atoms into a 3D magneto-optical trap (MOT) from a dispenser atomic source without using a Zeeman slower. The power consumption of the dispenser was ∼3 W. Spectroscopy of the atomic beam from the dispenser on the 6s2 1S0–6s6p 1P1 Yb transition at 399 nm shows that the flux of the atomic beam reaches 1.4 × 1013 s−1 cm−2. We can load up to 4.1 × 107 atoms into the MOT with slowing and trapping laser powers of 20.3 and 35.0 mW, respectively. The realized cold atom system is reliable and can be adapted for experiments on alkaline earth and other alkaline earth-like atoms.
This thesis describes the design and construction of a new apparatus to laser cool and trap Yb and Cs atoms with the ultimate aim of creating ultracold molecules with both an electric and magnetic dipole moment, which are of great interest in a range of fields. The Yb and Cs atomic beams are first generated and overlapped in a dual species oven. A collimated atomic beam of the two species is formed by the use of an array of capillary tubes at the exit of the oven. At this stage the atoms have an average velocity of 311m/s or 264m/s for Yb and Cs respectively, therefore it is necessary to reduce their velocity before they can be trapped in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). This initial stage of slowing is carried out with a Zeeman slower. Due to their atomic properties, Yb and Cs atoms are unable to be slowed by the same magnetic field profile therefore they cannot be loaded simultaneously, however, the Zeeman slower can load the atoms into a MOT sequentially. Once their velocities have been reduced to approximately 48m/s (10m/s) the Cs (Yb) atoms can be captured in a MOT. The laser systems for cooling Yb and Cs are also presented. Laser cooling of Cs is achieved on the D2 transition at 852.3nm whereas Yb can either be cooled on the 1S0 to 1P1 or 1S0 to 3P1 transitions at 398.9nm or 555.8nm respectively. Due to the relative linewidths of these transitions (2π×28.0MHz and 2π × 182.2kHz), Zeeman slowing is performed for Yb on the 1S0 to 1P1 transition and magneto-optical trapping on the 1S0 to 3P1 transition. A Cs MOT with 1 × 10^8 atoms and an Yb MOT with the order of 10^8 atoms on the narrow 556nm transition are demonstrated. The mixture can be sequentially loaded into a dual species MOT, paving the way for many further experiments exploring this novel mixture.