Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2306.06856

Teleportation-based microwave-optical quantum transduction enhanced by squeezing

Jing Wu, Linran Fan, Quntao Zhuang

Published Jun 12, 2023• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum transduction is an important building block for quantum networking. Although various platforms have been proposed, the efficiency of the-state-of-the-art systems is still way below the threshold to provide robust quantum information transduction via a direct conversion approach. In [Phys. Rev. Applied 16, 064044 (2021)], we propose a transduction paradigm based on continuous-variable quantum teleportation that shows a much higher rate in the low cooperativitiy region. While more recently, [Phys. Rev. Research 4, L042013 (2022)] proposes to utilize microwave squeezing to assist direct conversion. In this work, we explore the role of squeezing in a teleportation-based transduction protocol and identify a significant performance boost via evaluating quantum capacity lower and upper bounds. Our analyses include both microwave squeezing and optical squeezing, and provide a systematical benchmark between the teleportation-based approach and direct conversion approach. Although with the help of large squeezing, the difference between the teleportation-based protocol and direct conversion protocol becomes smaller, teleportation-based protocol still provides an overall better performance in the practical cooperativity region. In particular, the teleportation-based approach is more robust against imperfect extraction efficiency, even compared with direct conversion with the optimal squeezing.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2306.06856

Related papers

Teleportation-based microwave-to-optical quantum transduction: The limited role of single-mode squeezing

Jing Wu, Linran Fan, Quntao Zhuang

Quantum transduction is an important building block for quantum networking. Although various platforms have been proposed, the efficiency of state-of-the-art systems is still way below the required threshold to provide robust quantum information transduction via a direct conversion approach. Increasing the efficiency via merely increasing the power of the pulsed pump will lead to heating that substantially reduces the repetition rate thus hinders the quantum information rate. In [Phys. Rev. Appl. 16, 064044 (2021)], we proposed a transduction paradigm based on continuous-variable quantum teleportation that shows a much higher rate in the low cooperativity region. While more recently [Phys. Rev. Res. 4, L042013 (2022)] proposed to utilize microwave squeezing to assist direct conversion. In this work, we explore the role of squeezing in the teleportation-based transduction protocol via evaluating quantum capacity lower and upper bounds. Our analyses include both microwave squeezing and optical squeezing, and provide a systematical benchmark between the continuous variable teleportation-based approach and continuous variable direct conversion approach. We show that the enhancement from single-mode squeezing on the teleportation-based approach is limited, in contrast to the direct conversion case. In the low cooperativity region required by reasonable repetition rate, the teleportation-based protocol provides larger quantum information rate and fidelity of state transfer. At the same time, it takes substantial squeezing for direct conversion to get close to the teleportation-based approach, at the risk of potentially introducing additional heating from the pump.

Physical Review A•Feb 27, 2024•8 citations

Deterministic Microwave-Optical Transduction Based on Quantum Teleportation

Jing Wu, Chaohan Cui, Linran Fan +1 more

The coherent transduction between microwave and optical frequencies is critical to interconnect superconducting quantum processors over long distances. However, it is challenging to establish such a quantum interface with high efficiency and small added noise based on the standard direct conversion scheme. Here, we propose an electro-optic transduction system based on continuous-variable quantum teleportation. Reliable quantum-information transmission can be realized with an arbitrarily small cooperativity, in contrast to the direct conversion scheme, which requires a large minimum cooperativity. We show that the teleportation-based scheme maintains a significant rate advantage robustly for practical thermal noise and all values of cooperativity. We further investigate the performance in the transduction of complex quantum states such as cat states and Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states and show that a higher fidelity can be achieved with the teleportation-based scheme. Our scheme significantly reduces the device requirement, and makes quantum transduction between microwave and optical frequencies feasible in the near future.

arXiv:2106.14037•Physical Review Applied•Dec 17, 2021•45 citations

High-Performance Quantum Transduction with Correlated Noise

Yu-Bo Hou, Xiaoan Ai, Pengbo Li +1 more

Quantum transduction, which coherently converts quantum states between microwave and optical frequency domains, is a key technology for hybrid quantum architectures. Its performance, however, is fundamentally limited by thermal noise. Direct quantum transduction is particularly susceptible to noise and often fails to achieve positive quantum capacity. Entanglement-based quantum transduction, which realizes state conversion through quantum teleportation assisted by microwave-optical entanglement, is intrinsically more robust against thermal noise. However, generating sufficiently strong entanglement in a realistic thermal environment remains a major challenge. In this paper, we exploit correlated noise as a resource for quantum transduction. For direct quantum transduction, it is shown that the noise correlations give rise to controllable interference terms that substantially suppress the effective channel noise. For entanglement-based quantum transduction, the same correlations enhance the generation of microwave-optical entanglement, thereby improving the fidelity of teleportation-based conversion. As a result, both transduction protocols exhibit broad regions of positive quantum capacity over experimentally relevant ranges of cooperativity. We further discuss a possible physical mechanism for engineering the required noise correlations, providing theoretical guidance for experimental implementations. These results suggest that correlated noise can substantially relax the stringent cryogenic requirements for microwave-optical quantum transduction and facilitate the realization of practical hybrid quantum networks.

quant-pharXiv:2608.06683•Aug 10, 2026•0 citations

Quantum transduction with microwave and optical entanglement

Changchun Zhong, Xu Han, Liang Jiang

Quantum transduction refers to the coherent conversion between microwave and optical states, which can be achieved by quantum teleportation if given high fidelity microwave-optical entanglement, namely entanglement-based quantum transduction. Reliable microwave-optical entanglement can be generated using various platforms. In this paper, we base the discussion on piezo-optomechanical system and make the teleportation induced conversion scheme more concrete in the framework of quantum channel theory. By comparing the quantum capacity between the entanglement-based conversion channel and the traditional direct quantum transduction channel, we show entanglement-based scheme indeed admits a positive transduction rate when the direct quantum transduction has zero quantum capacity. Given two piezo-optomechanical systems, we also investigate the generation of microwave-microwave entanglement from entanglement swapping within continuous variable and discrete variable settings, showing the potentials of directly connecting microwave quantum processor by microwave-microwave quantum teleportation.

arXiv:2202.04601•Feb 9, 2022•1 citation

Microwave and Optical Entanglement for Quantum Transduction with Electro-Optomechanics

Changchun Zhong, Xu Han, Liang Jiang

Quantum transduction refers to the coherent conversion between microwave and optical states, which can be achieved by quantum teleportation if given high-fidelity microwave-optical entanglement, namely entanglement-based quantum transduction. Reliable microwave-optical entanglement can be generated using various platforms. In this paper we base the discussion on a piezo-optomechanical system and make the teleportation induced conversion scheme more concrete in the framework of quantum channel theory. By comparing the quantum capacity between the entanglement-based conversion channel and the traditional direct quantum transduction channel, we show that the entanglement-based scheme indeed admits a positive transduction rate when the direct quantum transduction has zero quantum capacity. Given two piezo-optomechanical systems, we also investigate the generation of microwave-microwave entanglement from entanglement swapping within continuous-variable and discrete-variable settings, showing the potentials of directly connecting microwave quantum processors by microwave-microwave quantum teleportation.

Physical Review Applied•Nov 18, 2022•31 citations

Quantum transduction via generalized continuous-variable teleportation

Quntao Zhuang

Quantum transduction converts quantum states between different frequencies. Similarly, quantum teleportation transfers quantum states between different systems. While often appreciated for quantum communication between distant locations, teleportation can also operate between different frequencies. In terms of bosonic modes, quantum teleportation relies on two-mode squeezing -- squeezed on the balanced Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) quadratures -- for entanglement and a balanced beamsplitter plus homodyne detection for Bell measurement. Since cross-frequency band entanglement is challenging to generate, we propose to enable transduction with teleportation, while only relying on a conventional transduction device and narrow-band entanglement. Our insight is that a transduction device performs a cross-frequency-band beamsplitter, almost what is needed in a Bell measurement, except that it is often not balanced. We resolve the issue by proposing a generalized teleportation protocol with arbitrarily unbalanced EPR quadratures and matched unbalanced beamsplitters. The protocol can enhance quantum transduction, using only off-the-shelf components -- intraband beamsplitters, offline squeezing, homodyne detection and displacements. The proposed protocol achieves perfect transduction when applying to a transduction device with an arbitrarily low efficiency, at infinite squeezing. A minimum squeezing in the range of [1.195,4.343] decibels is needed to achieve quantum capacity enhancement.

arXiv:2506.06899•Physical Review A•Jan 9, 2026•0 citations
Quantum transduction is an important building block for quantum networking. Although various platforms have been proposed, the efficiency of the-state-of-the-art systems is still way below the threshold to provide robust quantum information transduction via a direct conversion approach. In [Phys. Rev. Applied 16, 064044 (2021)], we propose a transduction paradigm based on continuous-variable quantum teleportation that shows a much higher rate in the low cooperativitiy region. While more recently, [Phys. Rev. Research 4, L042013 (2022)] proposes to utilize microwave squeezing to assist direct conversion. In this work, we explore the role of squeezing in a teleportation-based transduction protocol and identify a significant performance boost via evaluating quantum capacity lower and upper bounds. Our analyses include both microwave squeezing and optical squeezing, and provide a systematical benchmark between the teleportation-based approach and direct conversion approach. Although with the help of large squeezing, the difference between the teleportation-based protocol and direct conversion protocol becomes smaller, teleportation-based protocol still provides an overall better performance in the practical cooperativity region. In particular, the teleportation-based approach is more robust against imperfect extraction efficiency, even compared with direct conversion with the optimal squeezing.
Quantum transduction is an important building block for quantum networking. Although various platforms have been proposed, the efficiency of state-of-the-art systems is still way below the required threshold to provide robust quantum information transduction via a direct conversion approach. Increasing the efficiency via merely increasing the power of the pulsed pump will lead to heating that substantially reduces the repetition rate thus hinders the quantum information rate. In [Phys. Rev. Appl. 16, 064044 (2021)], we proposed a transduction paradigm based on continuous-variable quantum teleportation that shows a much higher rate in the low cooperativity region. While more recently [Phys. Rev. Res. 4, L042013 (2022)] proposed to utilize microwave squeezing to assist direct conversion. In this work, we explore the role of squeezing in the teleportation-based transduction protocol via evaluating quantum capacity lower and upper bounds. Our analyses include both microwave squeezing and optical squeezing, and provide a systematical benchmark between the continuous variable teleportation-based approach and continuous variable direct conversion approach. We show that the enhancement from single-mode squeezing on the teleportation-based approach is limited, in contrast to the direct conversion case. In the low cooperativity region required by reasonable repetition rate, the teleportation-based protocol provides larger quantum information rate and fidelity of state transfer. At the same time, it takes substantial squeezing for direct conversion to get close to the teleportation-based approach, at the risk of potentially introducing additional heating from the pump.
The coherent transduction between microwave and optical frequencies is critical to interconnect superconducting quantum processors over long distances. However, it is challenging to establish such a quantum interface with high efficiency and small added noise based on the standard direct conversion scheme. Here, we propose an electro-optic transduction system based on continuous-variable quantum teleportation. Reliable quantum-information transmission can be realized with an arbitrarily small cooperativity, in contrast to the direct conversion scheme, which requires a large minimum cooperativity. We show that the teleportation-based scheme maintains a significant rate advantage robustly for practical thermal noise and all values of cooperativity. We further investigate the performance in the transduction of complex quantum states such as cat states and Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states and show that a higher fidelity can be achieved with the teleportation-based scheme. Our scheme significantly reduces the device requirement, and makes quantum transduction between microwave and optical frequencies feasible in the near future.
Quantum transduction, which coherently converts quantum states between microwave and optical frequency domains, is a key technology for hybrid quantum architectures. Its performance, however, is fundamentally limited by thermal noise. Direct quantum transduction is particularly susceptible to noise and often fails to achieve positive quantum capacity. Entanglement-based quantum transduction, which realizes state conversion through quantum teleportation assisted by microwave-optical entanglement, is intrinsically more robust against thermal noise. However, generating sufficiently strong entanglement in a realistic thermal environment remains a major challenge. In this paper, we exploit correlated noise as a resource for quantum transduction. For direct quantum transduction, it is shown that the noise correlations give rise to controllable interference terms that substantially suppress the effective channel noise. For entanglement-based quantum transduction, the same correlations enhance the generation of microwave-optical entanglement, thereby improving the fidelity of teleportation-based conversion. As a result, both transduction protocols exhibit broad regions of positive quantum capacity over experimentally relevant ranges of cooperativity. We further discuss a possible physical mechanism for engineering the required noise correlations, providing theoretical guidance for experimental implementations. These results suggest that correlated noise can substantially relax the stringent cryogenic requirements for microwave-optical quantum transduction and facilitate the realization of practical hybrid quantum networks.
Quantum transduction refers to the coherent conversion between microwave and optical states, which can be achieved by quantum teleportation if given high fidelity microwave-optical entanglement, namely entanglement-based quantum transduction. Reliable microwave-optical entanglement can be generated using various platforms. In this paper, we base the discussion on piezo-optomechanical system and make the teleportation induced conversion scheme more concrete in the framework of quantum channel theory. By comparing the quantum capacity between the entanglement-based conversion channel and the traditional direct quantum transduction channel, we show entanglement-based scheme indeed admits a positive transduction rate when the direct quantum transduction has zero quantum capacity. Given two piezo-optomechanical systems, we also investigate the generation of microwave-microwave entanglement from entanglement swapping within continuous variable and discrete variable settings, showing the potentials of directly connecting microwave quantum processor by microwave-microwave quantum teleportation.
Quantum transduction refers to the coherent conversion between microwave and optical states, which can be achieved by quantum teleportation if given high-fidelity microwave-optical entanglement, namely entanglement-based quantum transduction. Reliable microwave-optical entanglement can be generated using various platforms. In this paper we base the discussion on a piezo-optomechanical system and make the teleportation induced conversion scheme more concrete in the framework of quantum channel theory. By comparing the quantum capacity between the entanglement-based conversion channel and the traditional direct quantum transduction channel, we show that the entanglement-based scheme indeed admits a positive transduction rate when the direct quantum transduction has zero quantum capacity. Given two piezo-optomechanical systems, we also investigate the generation of microwave-microwave entanglement from entanglement swapping within continuous-variable and discrete-variable settings, showing the potentials of directly connecting microwave quantum processors by microwave-microwave quantum teleportation.
Quantum transduction converts quantum states between different frequencies. Similarly, quantum teleportation transfers quantum states between different systems. While often appreciated for quantum communication between distant locations, teleportation can also operate between different frequencies. In terms of bosonic modes, quantum teleportation relies on two-mode squeezing -- squeezed on the balanced Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) quadratures -- for entanglement and a balanced beamsplitter plus homodyne detection for Bell measurement. Since cross-frequency band entanglement is challenging to generate, we propose to enable transduction with teleportation, while only relying on a conventional transduction device and narrow-band entanglement. Our insight is that a transduction device performs a cross-frequency-band beamsplitter, almost what is needed in a Bell measurement, except that it is often not balanced. We resolve the issue by proposing a generalized teleportation protocol with arbitrarily unbalanced EPR quadratures and matched unbalanced beamsplitters. The protocol can enhance quantum transduction, using only off-the-shelf components -- intraband beamsplitters, offline squeezing, homodyne detection and displacements. The proposed protocol achieves perfect transduction when applying to a transduction device with an arbitrarily low efficiency, at infinite squeezing. A minimum squeezing in the range of [1.195,4.343] decibels is needed to achieve quantum capacity enhancement.