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arXiv:2608.06683

High-Performance Quantum Transduction with Correlated Noise

Yu-Bo Hou, Xiaoan Ai, Pengbo Li, Changchun Zhong

quant-phSubmitted Aug 7, 2026• Announced Aug 10, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum transduction, which coherently converts quantum states between microwave and optical frequency domains, is a key technology for hybrid quantum architectures. Its performance, however, is fundamentally limited by thermal noise. Direct quantum transduction is particularly susceptible to noise and often fails to achieve positive quantum capacity. Entanglement-based quantum transduction, which realizes state conversion through quantum teleportation assisted by microwave-optical entanglement, is intrinsically more robust against thermal noise. However, generating sufficiently strong entanglement in a realistic thermal environment remains a major challenge. In this paper, we exploit correlated noise as a resource for quantum transduction. For direct quantum transduction, it is shown that the noise correlations give rise to controllable interference terms that substantially suppress the effective channel noise. For entanglement-based quantum transduction, the same correlations enhance the generation of microwave-optical entanglement, thereby improving the fidelity of teleportation-based conversion. As a result, both transduction protocols exhibit broad regions of positive quantum capacity over experimentally relevant ranges of cooperativity. We further discuss a possible physical mechanism for engineering the required noise correlations, providing theoretical guidance for experimental implementations. These results suggest that correlated noise can substantially relax the stringent cryogenic requirements for microwave-optical quantum transduction and facilitate the realization of practical hybrid quantum networks.

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Quantum transduction, which coherently converts quantum states between microwave and optical frequency domains, is a key technology for hybrid quantum architectures. Its performance, however, is fundamentally limited by thermal noise. Direct quantum transduction is particularly susceptible to noise and often fails to achieve positive quantum capacity. Entanglement-based quantum transduction, which realizes state conversion through quantum teleportation assisted by microwave-optical entanglement, is intrinsically more robust against thermal noise. However, generating sufficiently strong entanglement in a realistic thermal environment remains a major challenge. In this paper, we exploit correlated noise as a resource for quantum transduction. For direct quantum transduction, it is shown that the noise correlations give rise to controllable interference terms that substantially suppress the effective channel noise. For entanglement-based quantum transduction, the same correlations enhance the generation of microwave-optical entanglement, thereby improving the fidelity of teleportation-based conversion. As a result, both transduction protocols exhibit broad regions of positive quantum capacity over experimentally relevant ranges of cooperativity. We further discuss a possible physical mechanism for engineering the required noise correlations, providing theoretical guidance for experimental implementations. These results suggest that correlated noise can substantially relax the stringent cryogenic requirements for microwave-optical quantum transduction and facilitate the realization of practical hybrid quantum networks.
Quantum state transfer between microwave and optical frequencies is essential for connecting superconducting quantum circuits to optical systems and extending microwave quantum networks over long distances. However, establishing such a quantum interface is extremely challenging because the standard direct quantum transduction requires both high coupling efficiency and small added noise. We propose an entanglement-based scheme-generating microwave-optical entanglement and using it to transfer quantum states via quantum teleportation-which can bypass the stringent requirements in direct quantum transduction and is robust against loss errors. In addition, we propose and analyze a counterintuitive design-suppress the added noise by placing the device at a higher temperature environment-which can improve both the device quality factor and power handling capability. We systematically analyze the generation and verification of entangled microwave-optical-photon pairs. The parameter for entanglement verification favors the regime of cooperativity mismatch and can tolerate certain thermal noises. Our scheme is feasible given the latest advances on electro-optomechanics, and can be generalized to various physical systems.
Quantum transduction refers to the coherent conversion between microwave and optical states, which can be achieved by quantum teleportation if given high fidelity microwave-optical entanglement, namely entanglement-based quantum transduction. Reliable microwave-optical entanglement can be generated using various platforms. In this paper, we base the discussion on piezo-optomechanical system and make the teleportation induced conversion scheme more concrete in the framework of quantum channel theory. By comparing the quantum capacity between the entanglement-based conversion channel and the traditional direct quantum transduction channel, we show entanglement-based scheme indeed admits a positive transduction rate when the direct quantum transduction has zero quantum capacity. Given two piezo-optomechanical systems, we also investigate the generation of microwave-microwave entanglement from entanglement swapping within continuous variable and discrete variable settings, showing the potentials of directly connecting microwave quantum processor by microwave-microwave quantum teleportation.
A quantum transducer converts an input signal to an output probe at a distant frequency band while maintaining the quantum information with high fidelity, which is crucial for quantum networking and distributed quantum sensing and computing. In terms of microwave–optical quantum transduction, the state-of-the-art quantum transducers suffer low transduction efficiency from weak nonlinear coupling, wherein increasing pump power to enhance efficiency inevitably leads to thermal noise from heating. Moreover, we reveal that the efficiency-bandwidth product of a cavity electro-optical or electro-optomechanical transducer is fundamentally limited by pump power and nonlinear coupling coefficient, irrespective of cavity engineering efforts. To overcome this fundamental limit, we propose to noiselessly boost the transduction efficiency by consuming intraband entanglement (e.g., microwave–microwave or optical–optical entanglement in the case of microwave–optical transduction). Via a squeezer–coupler–antisqueezer sandwich structure, the protocol enhances the transduction efficiency to unity in the ideal lossless case, given an arbitrarily weak pump and nonlinear coupling. In practical cavity systems, our entanglement-assisted protocol surpasses the non-assisted fundamental limit of the efficiency-bandwidth product and reduces the threshold cooperativity for positive quantum capacity by a factor proportional to two-mode squeezing gain. Given a fixed cooperativity, our approach increases the broadband quantum capacity by orders of magnitude. The entanglement-assisted advantage is robust to ancilla loss and cavity detuning.
The coherent transduction between microwave and optical frequencies is critical to interconnect superconducting quantum processors over long distances. However, it is challenging to establish such a quantum interface with high efficiency and small added noise based on the standard direct conversion scheme. Here, we propose an electro-optic transduction system based on continuous-variable quantum teleportation. Reliable quantum-information transmission can be realized with an arbitrarily small cooperativity, in contrast to the direct conversion scheme, which requires a large minimum cooperativity. We show that the teleportation-based scheme maintains a significant rate advantage robustly for practical thermal noise and all values of cooperativity. We further investigate the performance in the transduction of complex quantum states such as cat states and Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) states and show that a higher fidelity can be achieved with the teleportation-based scheme. Our scheme significantly reduces the device requirement, and makes quantum transduction between microwave and optical frequencies feasible in the near future.
Quantum transduction refers to the coherent conversion between microwave and optical states, which can be achieved by quantum teleportation if given high-fidelity microwave-optical entanglement, namely entanglement-based quantum transduction. Reliable microwave-optical entanglement can be generated using various platforms. In this paper we base the discussion on a piezo-optomechanical system and make the teleportation induced conversion scheme more concrete in the framework of quantum channel theory. By comparing the quantum capacity between the entanglement-based conversion channel and the traditional direct quantum transduction channel, we show that the entanglement-based scheme indeed admits a positive transduction rate when the direct quantum transduction has zero quantum capacity. Given two piezo-optomechanical systems, we also investigate the generation of microwave-microwave entanglement from entanglement swapping within continuous-variable and discrete-variable settings, showing the potentials of directly connecting microwave quantum processors by microwave-microwave quantum teleportation.
Quantum systems are inherently susceptible to noise—a notorious factor that induces decoherence and limits the performance of quantum applications. To mitigate its detrimental effects, various techniques have been developed, including cryogenic cooling, bath engineering, and quantum error correction. In this Letter, we demonstrate that by exploiting noise correlations in coupled quantum systems, the overall impact of noise can be significantly suppressed. Specifically, in a piezo-optomechanical-based microwave-optical quantum transducer, correlations between the noise affecting the acoustic and electrical modes can lead to substantial noise reduction, thereby enhancing the performance of quantum transduction. This reduction is primarily governed by the phase of the piezomechanical coupling and is also influenced by system parameters such as the coupling ratio and mode cooperativity. Since these parameters simultaneously affect the signal transmissivity, they must be optimized to achieve the transducer’s optimal performance. Our work provides a systematic framework for this optimization, offering a guidance for practical designs.