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arXiv:2305.15012

Experimental Verification of Many-Body Entanglement Using Thermodynamic Quantities

Jitendra A. Joshi, Mir Alimuddin, T. S. Mahesh, Manik Banik

Published May 24, 2023• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The phenomenon of quantum entanglement underlies several important protocols that enable emerging quantum technologies. Entangled states, however, are extremely delicate and often get perturbed by tiny fluctuations in their external environment. Certification of entanglement is therefore immensely crucial for the successful implementation of protocols involving this resource. In this work, we propose a set of entanglement criteria for multi-qubit systems that can be easily verified by measuring certain thermodynamic quantities. In particular, the criteria depend on the difference in optimal global and local works extractable from an isolated quantum system under global and local interactions, respectively. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate the proposed scheme on nuclear spin registers of up to 10 qubits using the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance architecture. We prepare noisy Bell-diagonal state and noisy Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger class of states in star-topology systems and certify their entanglement through our thermodynamic criteria. Along the same line, we also propose an entanglement certification scheme in many-body systems when only partial or even no knowledge about the state is available.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2305.15012

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Genuine multipartite entanglement represents the strongest type of entanglement, which is an essential resource for quantum information processing. Standard methods to detect genuine multipartite entanglement, e.g., entanglement witnesses, state tomography, or quantum state verification, require full knowledge of the Hilbert space dimension and precise calibration of measurement devices, which are usually difficult to acquire in an experiment. The most radical way to overcome these problems is to detect entanglement solely based on the Bell-like correlations of measurement outcomes collected in the experiment, namely, device independently. However, it is difficult to certify genuine entanglement of practical multipartite states in this way, and even more difficult to quantify it, due to the difficulty in identifying optimal multipartite Bell inequalities and protocols tolerant to state impurity. In this Letter, we explore a general and robust device-independent method that can be applied to various realistic multipartite quantum states in arbitrary finite dimension, while merely relying on bipartite Bell inequalities. Our method allows us both to certify the presence of genuine multipartite entanglement and to quantify it. Several important classes of entangled states are tested with this method, leading to the detection of genuinely entangled states. We also certify genuine multipartite entanglement in weakly entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, showing that the method applies equally well to less standard states.

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Entanglement and non-local correlations give rise to unprecedented phenomena with no classical analogue. As a result, they have settled themselves as fundamental properties in the study of quantum many-body systems, as well as key resources for emerging quantum technologies. However, the lack for general and efficient criteria to characterize them in many-body systems poses many challenges, often intractable. Consequently, despite the growing interest in their properties, the role of entanglement and non-local correlations in many-body systems remains largely unexplored. The subject of the present Thesis is to explore quantum many-body systems from an entanglement and non-local correlations perspective, aiming at expanding the interplay between quantum information processing and quantum many-body physics. We examine adequate properties, like symmetries, that allow us to delve into entanglement and non-local correlations in many-body systems of physical relevance. 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This allows to partially circumvent the inefficient representability inherent to the multipartite Hilbert space in cases of interest. In addition, we illustrate some of the applications that our solution brings on central quantum information problems. Namely, (i) as an undemanding and efficient variational method to optimize local Hamiltonians over symmetric states, (ii) to optimize few-body symmetric Bell inequalities over symmetric states and (iii) to explore which symmetric states cannot be self-tested solely from their marginals. Finally, we conclude by presenting a methodology to derive two-body symmetric Bell inequalities for three-outcomes. These novel Bell inequalities are natural candidates to explore the role of non-local correlations on quantum phenomena tailored to qutrit or spin-1 many-body systems. We select a particular Bell inequality to characterize and show that it reveals non-local correlations in the ground state of many-body Hamiltonians physically relevant to, e.g., nuclear physics. : L'entrellaçament i les correlacions no-locals donen lloc a fenòmens sense precedents ni analogia clàssica. Aquests fenòmens els han portat a establir-se com a propietats primordials per a l'estudi de sistemes quàntics amb molts cossos, així com a recursos primordials per a les tecnologies quàntiques emergents. Tanmateix, la manca de criteris generals i eficients per caracteritzar-los en sistemes de molts cossos suposa molts reptes, sovint intractables. Per consegüent, tot i l'interès creixent en les seves propietats, el rol de l'entrellaçament i les correlacions no-locals en sistemes de molts cossos continuen, en gran part, inexplorats. 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A més, ens permet demostrar que criteris necessaris i suficients segueixen sent un problema NP-hard, fins i tot per a un cas amb una estructura tan simplificada. En segon lloc, l'evasivitat de la caracterització de l'entrellaçament motiva criteris de certificació per a la seva detecció, especialment en l'escenari multipartit. Mitjançant correlacions no-locals, proporcionem criteris independents del dispositiu que caracteritzen la quantitat d'ent-rellaçament present en un sistema quàntic de molts cossos. Aquest tipus de certificació no es basa en suposicions sobre el funcionament intern del dispositiu de mesura ni del mateix sistema. A més, al basar-se únicament en correlacions no-locals el criteri descarta totes les correlacions que tenen un anàleg clàssic, sent així un candidat natural com a certificador de tecnologies quàntiques. En tercer lloc, explorem correlacions no-locals en l'entorn de punts crítics quàntics, coneguts per estabilitzar l'entrellaçament a gran escala. A través de desigualtats de Bell, mostrem la presència de correlacions no-locals al llarg del diagrama de fase d'un model d'espins. A més, mostrem que la desigualtat de Bell es viola màximament en el punt crític, donant indicis d'una possible connexió entre la violació de certes desigualtats de Bell i transicions de fase quàntiques. En quart lloc, presentem una solució pel problema del marginal quàntic restringit a estats simètrics. La solució ens permet eludir parcialment la ineficient representabilitat inherent a l'espai de Hilbert multipartit en casos d'interès. A més, il·lustrem algunes de les aplicacions que la solució ofereix en problemes centrals d'informació quàntica. Concretament, (i) com a mètode variacional poc exigent i eficaç que ofereix optimitzar Hamiltonians locals respecte estats simètrics, (ii) per optimitzar desigualtats de Bell de pocs cossos i simètriques respecte d'estats simètrics i (iii) per explorar quins estats simètrics no es poden auto-validar només a partir dels seus marginals. Finalment, concloem presentant una metodologia que permet obtenir desigualtats de Bell simètriques de pocs cossos amb tres possibles resultats de mesura. Aquestes noves desigualtats de Bell permeten explorar el rol de les correlacions no-locals en fenòmens quàntics específics per a sistemes de molts cossos formats per qutrits o amb àtoms d'espín-1. Seleccionem una desigualtat de Bell a caracteritzar i mostrem que detecta correlacions no-locals en l'estat fonamental d'Hamiltonians físicament rellevant en, e.g., física nuclear. El entrelazamiento y las correlaciones no-locales dan lugar a fenómenos sin precedentes ni analogía clásica. Estos fenómenos les ha llevado a establecerse como propiedades clave para el estudio de sistemas cuánticos con muchos cuerpos, además de convertirse en recursos primordiales para las tecnologías cuánticas emergentes. Sin embargo, la falta de criterios generales y eficientes para caracterizarlos en sistemas de muchos cuerpos suponen muchos retos, a menudo intratables. Por consiguiente, a pesar del creciente interés en sus propiedades, el rol del entrelazamiento y las correlaciones no-locales en sistemas de muchos cuerpos siguen, en gran parte, inexplorados. El objetivo de esta Tesis es explorar sistemas cuánticos de muchos cuerpos desde la perspectiva del entrelazamiento y las correlaciones no-locales, con la voluntad de ampliar la sinergia entre el campo del procesamiento de información cuántica y la física cuántica de muchos cuerpos. Examinamos propiedades adecuadas, como simetrías, que nos permiten investigar el entrelazamiento y las correlaciones no-locales en sistemas de muchos cuerpos y de interés físico. Los resultados originales que presentamos se obtienen en el ámbito fundamental, al mismo tiempo que se proponen varios métodos prácticos que permiten ser experimentalmente implementados. En primer lugar, exploramos la complejidad en caracterizar el entrelazamiento en casos simplificados. En particular, consideramos el problema de la separabilidad en estados simétricos diagonales. Establecemos una conexión con el campo de la optimización cónica cuadrática que nos permite demostrar que obtener criterios necesarios y suficientes sigue siendo un problema NP-hard, incluso para un caso con una estructura tan simplificada. En segundo lugar, la evasividad de la caracterización del entrelazamiento motiva criterios de certificación para su detección, e

•Jul 16, 2020•1 citation

Accessible quantification of multiparticle entanglement

Marco Cianciaruso, Thomas R. Bromley, Gerardo Adesso

Abstract Entanglement is a key ingredient for quantum technologies and a fundamental signature of quantumness in a broad range of phenomena encompassing many-body physics, thermodynamics, cosmology and life sciences. For arbitrary multiparticle systems, entanglement quantification typically involves nontrivial optimisation problems, and it may require demanding tomographical techniques. Here, we develop an experimentally feasible approach to the evaluation of geometric measures of multiparticle entanglement. Our framework provides analytical results for particular classes of mixed states of N qubits, and computable lower bounds to global, partial, or genuine multiparticle entanglement of any general state. For global and partial entanglement, useful bounds are obtained with minimum effort, requiring local measurements in just three settings for any N. For genuine entanglement, a number of measurements scaling linearly with N are required. We demonstrate the power of our approach to estimate and quantify different types of multiparticle entanglement in a variety of N-qubit states useful for quantum information processing and recently engineered in laboratories with quantum optics and trapped ion setups.

arXiv:1507.01600•npj Quantum Information•Oct 18, 2016•11 citations
The phenomenon of quantum entanglement underlies several important protocols that enable emerging quantum technologies. Entangled states, however, are extremely delicate and often get perturbed by tiny fluctuations in their external environment. Certification of entanglement is therefore immensely crucial for the successful implementation of protocols involving this resource. In this work, we propose a set of entanglement criteria for multi-qubit systems that can be easily verified by measuring certain thermodynamic quantities. In particular, the criteria depend on the difference in optimal global and local works extractable from an isolated quantum system under global and local interactions, respectively. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate the proposed scheme on nuclear spin registers of up to 10 qubits using the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance architecture. We prepare noisy Bell-diagonal state and noisy Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger class of states in star-topology systems and certify their entanglement through our thermodynamic criteria. Along the same line, we also propose an entanglement certification scheme in many-body systems when only partial or even no knowledge about the state is available.
Genuine multipartite entanglement represents the strongest type of entanglement, which is an essential resource for quantum information processing. Standard methods to detect genuine multipartite entanglement, e.g., entanglement witnesses, state tomography, or quantum state verification, require full knowledge of the Hilbert space dimension and precise calibration of measurement devices, which are usually difficult to acquire in an experiment. The most radical way to overcome these problems is to detect entanglement solely based on the Bell-like correlations of measurement outcomes collected in the experiment, namely, device independently. However, it is difficult to certify genuine entanglement of practical multipartite states in this way, and even more difficult to quantify it, due to the difficulty in identifying optimal multipartite Bell inequalities and protocols tolerant to state impurity. In this Letter, we explore a general and robust device-independent method that can be applied to various realistic multipartite quantum states in arbitrary finite dimension, while merely relying on bipartite Bell inequalities. Our method allows us both to certify the presence of genuine multipartite entanglement and to quantify it. Several important classes of entangled states are tested with this method, leading to the detection of genuinely entangled states. We also certify genuine multipartite entanglement in weakly entangled Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, showing that the method applies equally well to less standard states.
Certifying multipartite entangled states is a basic task in quantum information processing, but the achievable copy complexity depends crucially on the measurements available to the verifier. The strongest possible certification measurement for a known pure target state ∣ψ⟩|ψ\rangle∣ψ⟩ is the two-outcome projector {∣ψ⟩⟨ψ∣,I−∣ψ⟩⟨ψ∣}\{|ψ\rangle\langleψ|,\mathsf{I}-|ψ\rangle\langleψ|\}{∣ψ⟩⟨ψ∣,I−∣ψ⟩⟨ψ∣}, which is copy-optimal but often experimentally unrealistic or outside the intended measurement model. In this work, we introduce BM-Cert, a single-copy verification protocol for the nnn-qubit Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger (GHZ) state using only disjoint two-qubit Bell-basis measurements, together with one single-qubit XXX-basis measurement when nnn is odd. Surprisingly, a simple combinatorial effect yields perfect completeness and a verification spectral gap νBM(n)=1−O(1/n)ν_\mathrm{BM}(n)=1-O(1/n)νBM​(n)=1−O(1/n), so our depth-2 protocol already approaches the ideal projective verification asymptotically as nnn grows. This contrasts with local Pauli GHZ verification, whose optimal spectral gap remains bounded away from 111. Thus, allowing only two-qubit entangling measurements on disjoint pairs is enough to achieve asymptotically ideal projective certification. The same Bell-matching outcomes also yield BM-Fid, an unbiased estimator of the GHZ fidelity whose leading Hoeffding coefficient in the sample complexity tends to the ideal value achieved by direct projection. For the open-boundary linear nearest neighbor setting, we further introduce Brick-Cert, a disjoint 2-local certification protocol whose spectral gap 4/54/54/5 is optimal within that restricted architecture.
Characterizing entanglement of systems composed of multiple particles is a very complex problem that is attracting increasing attention across different disciplines related to quantum physics. The task becomes even more complex when the particles have many accessible levels, i.e., they are of high dimension, which leads to a potentially high-dimensional multipartite entangled state. These are important resources for an ever-increasing number of tasks, especially when a network of parties needs to share highly entangled states, e.g., for communicating more efficiently and securely. For these applications, as well as for purely theoretical arguments, it is important to be able to certify both the high-dimensional and the genuine multipartite nature of entangled states, possibly based on simple measurements. Here we derive a novel method that achieves this and improves over typical entanglement witnesses like the fidelity with respect to states of a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) form, without needing more complex measurements. We test our condition on paradigmatic classes of high-dimensional multipartite entangled states like imperfect GHZ states with random noise, as well as on purely randomly chosen ones and find that, in comparison with other available criteria our method provides a significant advantage and is often also simpler to evaluate.
Entanglement and non-local correlations give rise to unprecedented phenomena with no classical analogue. As a result, they have settled themselves as fundamental properties in the study of quantum many-body systems, as well as key resources for emerging quantum technologies. However, the lack for general and efficient criteria to characterize them in many-body systems poses many challenges, often intractable. Consequently, despite the growing interest in their properties, the role of entanglement and non-local correlations in many-body systems remains largely unexplored. The subject of the present Thesis is to explore quantum many-body systems from an entanglement and non-local correlations perspective, aiming at expanding the interplay between quantum information processing and quantum many-body physics. We examine adequate properties, like symmetries, that allow us to delve into entanglement and non-local correlations in many-body systems of physical relevance. The original results that we present are achieved at the fundamental level, even though many practical methods that can be experimentally implemented stem from them. First, we explore the complexity to characterize entanglement in simplified cases. In particular, we consider the separability problem for diagonal symmetric states. We establish a connection with the field of quadratic conic optimization that allows us to provide significant sufficient criteria. Furthermore, it allows us to prove that obtaining necessary and sufficient criteria remains an NP-hard problem, even for a case with such a simplified structure. Second, the elusiveness of the characterization of entanglement motivates certification criteria for its detection, specially in the multipartite scenario. By means of non-local correlations, we provide device-independent certification criteria that characterizes the amount of entanglement present on a quantum many-body system. This type of certification does not rely on assumptions about the internal workings of the measuring device nor about the system itself. Moreover, by relying solely on non-local correlations, the criteria dismisses all the correlations that have a classical analogue, thus being a natural candidate as a certifier for emerging quantum technologies. Third, we explore non-local correlations in the vicinity of quantum critical points, which are known to stabilize large-scale entanglement. We show the presence of non-local correlations across the phase diagram via a certain Bell inequality. Furthermore, we show that the Bell inequality is maximally violated at the quantum critical point, hinting at a possible connection between many-body Bell correlators and quantum phase transitions. Fourth, we present a solution to the quantum marginal problem restricted to symmetric states. This allows to partially circumvent the inefficient representability inherent to the multipartite Hilbert space in cases of interest. In addition, we illustrate some of the applications that our solution brings on central quantum information problems. Namely, (i) as an undemanding and efficient variational method to optimize local Hamiltonians over symmetric states, (ii) to optimize few-body symmetric Bell inequalities over symmetric states and (iii) to explore which symmetric states cannot be self-tested solely from their marginals. Finally, we conclude by presenting a methodology to derive two-body symmetric Bell inequalities for three-outcomes. These novel Bell inequalities are natural candidates to explore the role of non-local correlations on quantum phenomena tailored to qutrit or spin-1 many-body systems. We select a particular Bell inequality to characterize and show that it reveals non-local correlations in the ground state of many-body Hamiltonians physically relevant to, e.g., nuclear physics. : L'entrellaçament i les correlacions no-locals donen lloc a fenòmens sense precedents ni analogia clàssica. Aquests fenòmens els han portat a establir-se com a propietats primordials per a l'estudi de sistemes quàntics amb molts cossos, així com a recursos primordials per a les tecnologies quàntiques emergents. Tanmateix, la manca de criteris generals i eficients per caracteritzar-los en sistemes de molts cossos suposa molts reptes, sovint intractables. Per consegüent, tot i l'interès creixent en les seves propietats, el rol de l'entrellaçament i les correlacions no-locals en sistemes de molts cossos continuen, en gran part, inexplorats. L'objectiu d'aquesta Tesi és explorar sistemes quàntics de molts cossos des de la perspectiva de l'entrellaçament i les correlacions no-locals, amb la voluntat d'ampliar la reciprocitat entre els camps del processament d'informació quàntica i la física quàntica de molts cossos. Examinem propietats adequades, com ara simetries, que ens permeten investigar l'entrellaçament i les correlacions no-locals en sistemes de molts cossos i d'interès físic. Els resultats originals que presentem s'obtenen en l'àmbit fonamental, al mateix temps que es proposen un seguit de mètodes pràctics que permeten ser experimentalment implementats. En primer lloc, explorem la complexitat en caracteritzar l'entrellaça-ment inclús en casos simplificats. En particular, considerem el problema de la separabilitat en estats simètrics diagonals. Establim una connexió amb el camp d'optimització cònica quadràtica que ens permet proporcionar diversos criteris suficients de separabilitat. A més, ens permet demostrar que criteris necessaris i suficients segueixen sent un problema NP-hard, fins i tot per a un cas amb una estructura tan simplificada. En segon lloc, l'evasivitat de la caracterització de l'entrellaçament motiva criteris de certificació per a la seva detecció, especialment en l'escenari multipartit. Mitjançant correlacions no-locals, proporcionem criteris independents del dispositiu que caracteritzen la quantitat d'ent-rellaçament present en un sistema quàntic de molts cossos. Aquest tipus de certificació no es basa en suposicions sobre el funcionament intern del dispositiu de mesura ni del mateix sistema. A més, al basar-se únicament en correlacions no-locals el criteri descarta totes les correlacions que tenen un anàleg clàssic, sent així un candidat natural com a certificador de tecnologies quàntiques. En tercer lloc, explorem correlacions no-locals en l'entorn de punts crítics quàntics, coneguts per estabilitzar l'entrellaçament a gran escala. A través de desigualtats de Bell, mostrem la presència de correlacions no-locals al llarg del diagrama de fase d'un model d'espins. A més, mostrem que la desigualtat de Bell es viola màximament en el punt crític, donant indicis d'una possible connexió entre la violació de certes desigualtats de Bell i transicions de fase quàntiques. En quart lloc, presentem una solució pel problema del marginal quàntic restringit a estats simètrics. La solució ens permet eludir parcialment la ineficient representabilitat inherent a l'espai de Hilbert multipartit en casos d'interès. A més, il·lustrem algunes de les aplicacions que la solució ofereix en problemes centrals d'informació quàntica. Concretament, (i) com a mètode variacional poc exigent i eficaç que ofereix optimitzar Hamiltonians locals respecte estats simètrics, (ii) per optimitzar desigualtats de Bell de pocs cossos i simètriques respecte d'estats simètrics i (iii) per explorar quins estats simètrics no es poden auto-validar només a partir dels seus marginals. Finalment, concloem presentant una metodologia que permet obtenir desigualtats de Bell simètriques de pocs cossos amb tres possibles resultats de mesura. Aquestes noves desigualtats de Bell permeten explorar el rol de les correlacions no-locals en fenòmens quàntics específics per a sistemes de molts cossos formats per qutrits o amb àtoms d'espín-1. Seleccionem una desigualtat de Bell a caracteritzar i mostrem que detecta correlacions no-locals en l'estat fonamental d'Hamiltonians físicament rellevant en, e.g., física nuclear. El entrelazamiento y las correlaciones no-locales dan lugar a fenómenos sin precedentes ni analogía clásica. Estos fenómenos les ha llevado a establecerse como propiedades clave para el estudio de sistemas cuánticos con muchos cuerpos, además de convertirse en recursos primordiales para las tecnologías cuánticas emergentes. Sin embargo, la falta de criterios generales y eficientes para caracterizarlos en sistemas de muchos cuerpos suponen muchos retos, a menudo intratables. Por consiguiente, a pesar del creciente interés en sus propiedades, el rol del entrelazamiento y las correlaciones no-locales en sistemas de muchos cuerpos siguen, en gran parte, inexplorados. El objetivo de esta Tesis es explorar sistemas cuánticos de muchos cuerpos desde la perspectiva del entrelazamiento y las correlaciones no-locales, con la voluntad de ampliar la sinergia entre el campo del procesamiento de información cuántica y la física cuántica de muchos cuerpos. Examinamos propiedades adecuadas, como simetrías, que nos permiten investigar el entrelazamiento y las correlaciones no-locales en sistemas de muchos cuerpos y de interés físico. Los resultados originales que presentamos se obtienen en el ámbito fundamental, al mismo tiempo que se proponen varios métodos prácticos que permiten ser experimentalmente implementados. En primer lugar, exploramos la complejidad en caracterizar el entrelazamiento en casos simplificados. En particular, consideramos el problema de la separabilidad en estados simétricos diagonales. Establecemos una conexión con el campo de la optimización cónica cuadrática que nos permite demostrar que obtener criterios necesarios y suficientes sigue siendo un problema NP-hard, incluso para un caso con una estructura tan simplificada. En segundo lugar, la evasividad de la caracterización del entrelazamiento motiva criterios de certificación para su detección, e
Abstract Entanglement is a key ingredient for quantum technologies and a fundamental signature of quantumness in a broad range of phenomena encompassing many-body physics, thermodynamics, cosmology and life sciences. For arbitrary multiparticle systems, entanglement quantification typically involves nontrivial optimisation problems, and it may require demanding tomographical techniques. Here, we develop an experimentally feasible approach to the evaluation of geometric measures of multiparticle entanglement. Our framework provides analytical results for particular classes of mixed states of N qubits, and computable lower bounds to global, partial, or genuine multiparticle entanglement of any general state. For global and partial entanglement, useful bounds are obtained with minimum effort, requiring local measurements in just three settings for any N. For genuine entanglement, a number of measurements scaling linearly with N are required. We demonstrate the power of our approach to estimate and quantify different types of multiparticle entanglement in a variety of N-qubit states useful for quantum information processing and recently engineered in laboratories with quantum optics and trapped ion setups.