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arXiv:2303.16584 · Advanced Physics Research

Photon Pair Source based on PPLN‐Waveguides for Entangled Two‐Photon Absorption

Tobias Bernd Gäbler, Patrick Hendra, Nitish Jain, Markus Gräfe

Published Nov 1, 2023• 16 citations

Abstract

Abstract Fluorescence excitation by absorption of entangled photon pairs offers benefits compared to classical imaging techniques, such as the attainment of higher signal levels at low excitation power while simultaneously mitigating phototoxicity. However, current entangled photon pair sources are unreliable for fluorescence detection. In order to address this limitation, there is a need for ultra‐bright entangled photon pair sources. Among the potential solutions, sources utilizing nonlinear waveguides emerge as promising candidates to facilitate fluorescence excitation through entangled photons. In this paper, a source consisting of a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide is developed and its key characteristics are analyzed. To demonstrate its suitability as key component for imaging experiments, the entangled two‐photon absorption behavior of Cadmium Selenide Zinc Sulfide quantum dot solutions is experimentally investigated.

DOI: 10.1002/apxr.202300037

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Abstract Fluorescence excitation by absorption of entangled photon pairs offers benefits compared to classical imaging techniques, such as the attainment of higher signal levels at low excitation power while simultaneously mitigating phototoxicity. However, current entangled photon pair sources are unreliable for fluorescence detection. In order to address this limitation, there is a need for ultra‐bright entangled photon pair sources. Among the potential solutions, sources utilizing nonlinear waveguides emerge as promising candidates to facilitate fluorescence excitation through entangled photons. In this paper, a source consisting of a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide is developed and its key characteristics are analyzed. To demonstrate its suitability as key component for imaging experiments, the entangled two‐photon absorption behavior of Cadmium Selenide Zinc Sulfide quantum dot solutions is experimentally investigated.

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Reliable generation of single photons is of key importance for fundamental physical experiments and quantum protocols.The periodically poled lithium niobate (LN) waveguide has shown promise for an integrated quantum source due to its large spectral tunability and high efficiency, benefiting from the quasi-phase-matching.Here we demonstrate photon-pair sources based on an LN waveguide periodically poled by a tightly focused femtosecond laser beam.The pair coincidence rate reaches ∼8000 counts per second for average pump power of 3.2 mW (peak power is 2.9 kW).Our results prove the possibility of application of the nonlinear photonics structure fabricated by femtosecond laser to the integrated quantum source.This method can be extended to three-dimensional domain structures, which provide a potential platform for steering the spatial degree of freedom of the entangled two-photon states.

To support quantum technologies that require entangled photon pairs and/or heralded photons for operation, a photon pair source was developed that uses periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides that are coupled to optical fibers. Both Ti-indiffused and annealed proton-exchanged (APE) waveguide technologies were studied, and waveguide/fiber interfaces were designed to increase the coupling efficiency of the photon pairs into optical fiber. PPLN waveguide devices were fabricated and the optical loss, wavelength conversion efficiency, and heralding efficiency were measured. The maximum heralding efficiencies achieved were 75 and 68% for Ti-indiffused and APE waveguides, respectively. A compact photon pair source based on a packaged PPLN waveguide device and commercially available fiber optic components is presented.

We report on a new kind of correlated photon-pair source based on a waveguide integrated on a Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate substrate. Using a pump laser of a few micro-Watts at 657 nm, we generate degenerate photon-pairs at 1314 nm. Detecting about 1500 coincidences per second, we can infer a conversion rate of 10-6 pairs per pump photon, which is four orders of magnitude higher than that obtained with previous bulk sources. These results are very promising for the realization of sources for quantum communication and quantum metrology experiments requiring a high signal-to-noise ratio or working with more than one photon-pair at a time.