Single electron may have wavefunction of a macroscopic lengthscale but cannot be detected in two places. At the Solvay Conference of 1927, Einstein argued that in a combination with Bohr's postulate about wavefunction as an exhaustive characteristics of electron, this fact implies nonlocality related to the collapse of a macroscopic wavefunction of single electron. This was his objection to Bohr's quantum mechanics (QM) in favor of de Broglie's quantum theory. We perform an experimental test in low-temperature state of matter where electrons have macroscopic orbit-like wavefunctions and surprisingly observe nonlocality of that type. This nonlocality differs in principle from the well-known Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) nonlocality because the former does not imply quantum entanglement and hence is beyond the no-communication theorem. Our observation is the first empirical justification of the choice in favor of QM in compare with de Broglie's theory. Moreover, now we can expand the current concept of reality and thus open the door to a realistic interpretation of quantum formalism. Ultimately, we thus come to a quantum model of Universe based on the standard QM.
Single electron may have wavefunction of a macroscopic lengthscale but cannot be detected in two places. At the Solvay Conference of 1927, Einstein argued that in a combination with Bohr's postulate about wavefunction as an exhaustive characteristics of electron, this fact implies nonlocality related to the collapse of a macroscopic wavefunction of single electron. This was his objection to Bohr's quantum mechanics (QM) in favor of de Broglie's quantum theory. We perform an experimental test in low-temperature state of matter where electrons have macroscopic orbit-like wavefunctions and surprisingly observe nonlocality of that type. This nonlocality differs in principle from the well-known Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) nonlocality because the former does not imply quantum entanglement and hence is beyond the no-communication theorem. Our observation is the first empirical justification of the choice in favor of QM in compare with de Broglie's theory. Moreover, now we can expand the current concept of reality and thus open the door to a realistic interpretation of quantum formalism. Ultimately, we thus come to a quantum model of Universe based on the standard QM.
We propose an experiment that allows one to test the Einstein's intuitive objection to Bohr's quantum mechanics (QM), which was that if QM is correct, then there should be a nonlocality related to the collapse of a single-particle macroscopic wavefunction, which by no means is compatible with special relativity. The idea of the experiment is related to the so-called integer quantum Hall (IQH) systems known to have macroscopic quantum orbits often called extended states. The experiment appeared realizable in a modified IQH system and we have found that a single-particle nonlocality does exist precisely as it follows from QM. This fact makes one come back to the Bell-Popper idea to revive the Lorentz-Poincare "dynamic" version of relativity together with the classical concept of space and time. But now, if to add the single-particle nonlocality to the Bohm-Hiley model of undivided universe, one can solve the most formidable problem - to find a preferred reference frame without involving the vague notion "aether". Moreover, now one can adopt a deeper-than-relativistic concept of what we call "reality", which opens the door to a realistic interpretation of QM and, after all, to the awareness of the worldview of this extremely successful theory.
We perform an experimental test where we directly observe light-induced electron transitions with a macroscopic spatial discontinuity. The effect is related to the fundamental indivisibility of macroscopic orbit-like quantum states reminiscent of so-called extended states in the integer quantum Hall system. The test has become realizable due to the discovering of a quantum phase with spontaneous pervasive quantum ordering reminiscent of that of a single atom. The observed transitions may be regarded as a peculiar quantum dynamics beyond relativity, which implies that the current relativistic model of universe should be replaced by a deeper quantum model. It is the Bohm's model of undivided universe, which now should involve a deeper-than-classical concept of absolute simultaneity and a deeper-than-relativistic concept of space and time. Ultimately, our test thus establishes a new hierarchy of fundamental physical theories where the de Broglie-Bohm realistic quantum theory is the deepest theory which does not contradict either classical physics or relativity but rather is beyond both. This is because the fact that quantum theory is dealing with a deeper reality where physical objects are not self-sufficient entities and therefore their discontinuous transitions are possible within an overall quantum system which may well be macroscopic.
Einstein's 1927 argument for incompleteness A huge literature arose out of the famous ‘EPR’ paper by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (1935), entitled ‘Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?’. The EPR paper argued, on the basis of (among other things) the absence of action at a distance, that quantum theory must be incomplete. It is less well-known that a much simpler argument, leading to the same conclusion, was presented by Einstein eight years earlier in the general discussion at the fifth Solvay conference (pp. 440ff.). Einstein compares and contrasts two views about the nature of the wave function ψ , for the specific case of a single electron. According to view I, ψ represents an ensemble (or ‘cloud’) of electrons, while according to view II, ψ is a complete description of an individual electron. Einstein argues that view II is incompatible with locality, and that to avoid this, in addition to ψ there should exist a localised particle (along the lines of de Broglie's theory). Thus, according to this reasoning, if one assumes locality, then quantum theory (as normally understood today) is incomplete. The conclusion of Einstein's argument in 1927 is the same as that of EPR in 1935, even if the form of the argument is rather different. Einstein considers electrons striking a screen with a small hole that diffracts the electron wave, which on the far side of the screen spreads out uniformly in all directions and strikes a photographic film in the shape of a hemisphere with large radius (see Einstein's figure, p. 440).
We perform an experimental test where we directly observe light-induced electron transitions with a macroscopic spatial discontinuity. The effect is related to the fundamental indivisibility of macroscopic orbit-like quantum states reminiscent of so-called extended states in the integer quantum Hall system. The test has become realizable due to the discovering of a quantum phase with spontaneous pervasive quantum ordering reminiscent of that of a single atom. The observed transitions may be regarded as a peculiar quantum dynamics beyond relativity, which implies that the current relativistic model of universe should be replaced by a deeper quantum model. It is the Bohm’s model of undivided universe which now should involve a deeper-than-classical concept of absolute simultaneity and a deeper-than-relativistic concept of space and time. Ultimately, our test thus establishes a new hierarchy of fundamental physical theories where the de Broglie-Bohm realistic quantum theory is the deepest theory which does not contradict either classical physics or relativity but rather is beyond both. This is because the fact that quantum theory is dealing with a deeper reality where physical objects are not self-sufficient entities and therefore they can transit discontinuously within an overall quantum system determined by their wavefunctions.
We provide strong evidence for single-electron spatial dynamics with a macroscopic discontinuity. The dynamics is observed in an electron quantum phase consisted of macroscopic quantum orbits similar to those responsible for the integer quantum Hall effect. The dynamics is consistent with the standard QM that predicts a "cloud-like" behavior of electron in quantum orbits regardless of their lengthscale. Sinse the dynamics is beyond the relativistic paradigm of movement, it may well be nonlocal. It thereby can be the basis for a quantum concept of absolute simultaneity, which now rests not on the meaningless notion of infinite speed but on empirically-tested quantum effect. This concept revives the Bell-Popper idea to replace the current "kinematic" version of relativity by the "dynamic" version by Lorentz and Poincare with a revival of the classical view of space and time where the problem of preferred reference frame now can be solved without to involve the vague notion "aether". We argue that the concept of quantum absolute simultaneity opens the door to a realistic interpretation of standard QM through a deeper insight of what is called "reality" and ultimately to a harmony between quantum and relativity theories.
As contrasted with physicists to idolize Bell's theorem and quantum nonlocality, we argue that quantum mechanics (QM), in reality, respects the principles of a macroscopic realism (PMRs). The current QM to tell us that "... the state of a system can be instantaneously changed by a distant measurement >..." cannot be treated as a physical theory. Its key statements - that the EPR-Bell experiments to violate Bell's inequality verify nonlocality, and nonlocal correlations respect special relativity - are false. Both the EPR-Bell experiments and theorems to support the "non-signalling principle" are based on the implicit assumption that all quantum postulates and, in particular, Born's averaging rule are fully applicable to Cat states. However, this is not the case. Introducing observables (e.g., correlations) for Cat states violates the correspondence principle. Pure (macro- and micro-)Cat states must be governed both by the PMRs and superposition principle. Our (macrorealistic) model of a one-dimensional completed scattering shows how these principles coexist with each other, in the case of a one-electron micro-Cat state.