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arXiv:2212.05535 · The European Physical Journal D

Alain Aspect’s experiments on Bell’s theorem: a turning point in the history of the research on the foundations of quantum mechanics

Olival Freire

Published Dec 1, 2022• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1140/epjd/s10053-022-00542-z

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Peer review Bell's Theorem - The Naive View of an Experimentalist Alain Aspect

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This work presents a critical peer review of Alain Aspect's Bell's Theorem: The Naive View of an Experimentalist from the perspective of foundational theoretical physics. While recognizing the manuscript as a landmark historical and experimental contribution to quantum optics, the review examines its underlying logical architecture rather than its experimental methodology. It is argued that the central ingredients of the analysis—including the entangled state, hidden variables, probability measure, locality condition, subsystem separability, and wavefunction collapse—are introduced as axiomatic assumptions rather than derived from a more fundamental physical principle. Consequently, the observed violation of Bell inequalities establishes the incompatibility of quantum mechanics with a restricted class of local hidden-variable theories, but does not uniquely determine the ontological structure of physical reality. The review distinguishes experimental validation from foundational derivation and emphasizes that alternative theoretical architectures based on globally coherent fields or emergent non-separable dynamics remain logically outside the scope of Bell's theorem. The manuscript is therefore assessed as an outstanding experimental milestone whose foundational conclusions remain structurally incomplete.

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Bell's Theorem might provide support to a Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe

Moshe Segal

The Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics are two branches of the nowadays Science of Physics, which are still incompatible. Einstein's Relativity theories, which are the leading acceptable theories of the nowadays Classic Physics, present the Universe as a "Block Universe", in which Time is not a flow of events, where the past vanishes and does not exist anymore, and the future is not yet created. Instead, the "Block Universe" model presents that the past, present and future are all equally real and coexist tenselessly, and everything, the past, present and future are all predefined and engraved in that "Block Universe" model of the Universe. On the other hand, the Quantum Mechanics presents, that the future is created continuously when particles interact with the environment, and the state of each particle is presented by what the Quantum Mechanics denotes as the "Wave Function" which presents the probabilities to find the particle in various locations, such that, before the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, it can actually be in all those locations at once, and only after the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, the "Wave Function Collapses" and the particle "chooses" randomly, to be only in one specific location. Actually, that "Wave Function Collapse" is one of the most mysterious phenomena in Physics. But it seems that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, settled that long debate about it, providing the means to establish that the Quantum Mechanics view on this matter is the correct view and the Classic Physics and Einstein's Relativity theories view on this matter is not correct. Bell's Inequality provided the logic and the mathematics behind this decision, and physicists such as Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, who also won the Nobel prize on that, provided the experimental justification. However, although the above debate was settled, there is also still a need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. The author of this paper refers to additional papers, by the author of this paper, which present significant and reasonable arguments, which argue that the nowadays branch of the Classic Physics might be misleading in how it presents the concept of the Space-Time. These additional papers propose to replace the Einstein's "Block Universe" model of the Universe with an alternate model, of a Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, in which, each Energy might embed its own private Space-Time facet, or attribute, such that each such Space-Time cannot be considered to be a real entity, that really exists in the Universe. And this paper argues, that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, might be also used to support the above-mentioned Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, and this might also fill in the above-mentioned gap, which might be the need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. In addition to the above, the above-mentioned additional papers, also propose additional experiments, based only on the Classic Physics, which if implemented successfully, might provide additional validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe. The support that might be provided to the proposed model, of a Multi-Space-Times of the Universe, by the Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, is still based on the Quantum Mechanics. Thus, because these additional experiments, proposed in the above-mentioned additional papers, are based only on the Classic Physics, this might also provide a lead for further narrowing the gap between the Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics. Thus, an implementation of the above-mentioned experiments, or any other experiments that might provide validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, as presented in the above-mentioned papers, should be an important and a significant endeavor.

•Jun 19, 2026•0 citations
This work presents a critical peer review of Alain Aspect's Bell's Theorem: The Naive View of an Experimentalist from the perspective of foundational theoretical physics. While recognizing the manuscript as a landmark historical and experimental contribution to quantum optics, the review examines its underlying logical architecture rather than its experimental methodology. It is argued that the central ingredients of the analysis—including the entangled state, hidden variables, probability measure, locality condition, subsystem separability, and wavefunction collapse—are introduced as axiomatic assumptions rather than derived from a more fundamental physical principle. Consequently, the observed violation of Bell inequalities establishes the incompatibility of quantum mechanics with a restricted class of local hidden-variable theories, but does not uniquely determine the ontological structure of physical reality. The review distinguishes experimental validation from foundational derivation and emphasizes that alternative theoretical architectures based on globally coherent fields or emergent non-separable dynamics remain logically outside the scope of Bell's theorem. The manuscript is therefore assessed as an outstanding experimental milestone whose foundational conclusions remain structurally incomplete.
Abstract The interest in foundations ran headlong into 1960s New Age spiritualism. The Fundamental Fysiks Group (FFG) was formed in 1975, its early recruits turning their joblessness into the productive probing of foundational questions. The FFG championed Bell: three-quarters of the papers published about his theorem and inequalities during the 1970s came from FFG members. A ‘thinkshop’ organized in Erice in 1976 brought together Clauser and Shimony, among others, and two newcomers, Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger. Sympathetic to Einstein, and confused by Bohr, Aspect had set himself the task to perform the ultimate Bell test in which the experimental settings are changed whilst the entangled particles are in flight. The results, published in 1982, sealed the slow recognition that had dawned over the previous decade: quantum entanglement and non-locality are real phenomena. The ‘Aspect experiments’ became iconic, just as efforts were getting under way to exploit entanglement in quantum computing and cryptography.
The Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics are two branches of the nowadays Science of Physics, which are still incompatible. Einstein's Relativity theories, which are the leading acceptable theories of the nowadays Classic Physics, present the Universe as a "Block Universe", in which Time is not a flow of events, where the past vanishes and does not exist anymore, and the future is not yet created. Instead, the "Block Universe" model presents that the past, present and future are all equally real and coexist tenselessly, and everything, the past, present and future are all predefined and engraved in that "Block Universe" model of the Universe. On the other hand, the Quantum Mechanics presents, that the future is created continuously when particles interact with the environment, and the state of each particle is presented by what the Quantum Mechanics denotes as the "Wave Function" which presents the probabilities to find the particle in various locations, such that, before the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, it can actually be in all those locations at once, and only after the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, the "Wave Function Collapses" and the particle "chooses" randomly, to be only in one specific location. Actually, that "Wave Function Collapse" is one of the most mysterious phenomena in Physics. But it seems that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, settled that long debate about it, providing the means to establish that the Quantum Mechanics view on this matter is the correct view and the Classic Physics and Einstein's Relativity theories view on this matter is not correct. Bell's Inequality provided the logic and the mathematics behind this decision, and physicists such as Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, who also won the Nobel prize on that, provided the experimental justification. However, although the above debate was settled, there is also still a need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. The author of this paper refers to additional papers, by the author of this paper, which present significant and reasonable arguments, which argue that the nowadays branch of the Classic Physics might be misleading in how it presents the concept of the Space-Time. These additional papers propose to replace the Einstein's "Block Universe" model of the Universe with an alternate model, of a Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, in which, each Energy might embed its own private Space-Time facet, or attribute, such that each such Space-Time cannot be considered to be a real entity, that really exists in the Universe. And this paper argues, that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, might be also used to support the above-mentioned Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, and this might also fill in the above-mentioned gap, which might be the need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. In addition to the above, the above-mentioned additional papers, also propose additional experiments, based only on the Classic Physics, which if implemented successfully, might provide additional validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe. The support that might be provided to the proposed model, of a Multi-Space-Times of the Universe, by the Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, is still based on the Quantum Mechanics. Thus, because these additional experiments, proposed in the above-mentioned additional papers, are based only on the Classic Physics, this might also provide a lead for further narrowing the gap between the Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics. Thus, an implementation of the above-mentioned experiments, or any other experiments that might provide validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, as presented in the above-mentioned papers, should be an important and a significant endeavor.