Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2211.09118

Rapidity and momentum distributions of 1D dipolar quantum gases

Kuan-Yu Li, Yicheng Zhang, Kangning Yang, Kuan-Yu Lin, Sarang Gopalakrishnan, Marcos Rigol, Benjamin Lev

Published Nov 16, 2022• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We explore the effect of tunable integrability breaking dipole-dipole interactions in the equilibrium states of highly magnetic 1D Bose gases of dysprosium at low temperatures. We experimentally observe that in the strongly correlated Tonks-Girardeau regime, rapidity and momentum distributions are nearly unaffected by the dipolar interactions. By contrast, we also observe that significant changes of these distributions occur when decreasing the strength of the contact interactions. We show that the main experimental observations are captured by modeling the system as an array of 1D gases with only contact interactions, dressed by the contribution of the short-range part of the dipolar interactions. Improvements to theory-experiment correspondence will require new tools tailored to near-integrable models possessing both short and long-range interactions.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2211.09118

Related papers

Effects of intertube dipole-dipole interactions in nearly integrable one-dimensional Dy 162 gases

Yicheng Zhang, Kangning Yang, Benjamin Lev +1 more

We study the effects of the intertube dipole-dipole interactions (DDI) in recent experiments with arrays of nearly integrable one-dimensional (1D) dipolar Bose gases of $^{162}$Dy atoms. An earlier theoretical modeling ignored those interactions, which we include here via a modification of the 1D confining potentials. We investigate the effects of the intertube DDI both during the state preparation and during the measurements of the rapidity distributions. We explore how the strength of the contact interactions and the magnetic field angles modify the intertube DDI corrections. We find that those corrections slightly change both the properties of the equilibrium state and the rapidity measurements. Remarkably, however, the changes nearly cancel each other, resulting in measured rapidity distributions that are very close to those predicted in the absence of the intertube DDI.

arXiv:2510.05212•Physical Review A•Jan 15, 2026•0 citations

Rapidity and momentum distributions of one-dimensional dipolar quantum gases

Kuan-Yu Li, Yicheng Zhang, Kangning Yang +4 more

The effects of integrability-breaking interactions on equilibrium states are explored using a one-dimensional Bose gas of highly magnetic atoms. A dressed-quasiparticle description is found to be necessary to predict equilibrium rapidity and momentum distributions as the strength of the integrability-breaking perturbation increases.

Physical Review A•Jun 8, 2023•28 citations

Thermalization near Integrability in a Dipolar Quantum Newton’s Cradle

Yijun Tang, Wil Kao, Kuan-Yu Li +5 more

Isolated quantum many-body systems with integrable dynamics generically do not thermalize when taken far from equilibrium.As one perturbs such systems away from the integrable point, thermalization sets in, but the nature of the crossover from integrable to thermalizing behavior is an unresolved and actively discussed question.We explore this question by studying the dynamics of the momentum distribution function in a dipolar quantum Newton's cradle consisting of highly magnetic dysprosium atoms.This is accomplished by creating the first one-dimensional Bose gas with strong magnetic dipole-dipole interactions.These interactions provide tunability of both the strength of the integrability-breaking perturbation and the nature of the near-integrable dynamics.We provide the first experimental evidence that thermalization close to a strongly interacting integrable point occurs in two steps: prethermalization followed by near-exponential thermalization.Exact numerical calculations on a two-rung lattice model yield a similar two-timescale process, suggesting that this is generic in strongly interacting near-integrable models.Moreover, the measured thermalization rate is consistent with a parameter-free theoretical estimate, based on identifying the types of collisions that dominate thermalization.By providing tunability between regimes of integrable and nonintegrable dynamics, our work sheds light on the mechanisms by which isolated quantum many-body systems thermalize and on the temporal structure of the onset of thermalization.

arXiv:1707.07031•Physical Review X•May 2, 2018•256 citations

Dipolar physics: a review of experiments with magnetic quantum gases

Lauriane Chomaz, Igor Ferrier-Barbut, Francesca Ferlaino +3 more

Since the achievement of quantum degeneracy in gases of chromium atoms in 2004, the experimental investigation of ultracold gases made of highly magnetic atoms has blossomed. The field has yielded the observation of many unprecedented phenomena, in particular those in which long-range and anisotropic dipole-dipole interactions (DDIs) play a crucial role. In this review, we aim to present the aspects of the magnetic quantum-gas platform that make it unique for exploring ultracold and quantum physics as well as to give a thorough overview of experimental achievements. Highly magnetic atoms distinguish themselves by the fact that their electronic ground-state configuration possesses a large electronic total angular momentum. This results in a large magnetic moment and a rich electronic transition spectrum. Such transitions are useful for cooling, trapping, and manipulating these atoms. The complex atomic structure and large dipolar moments of these atoms also lead to a dense spectrum of resonances in their two-body scattering behaviour. These resonances can be used to control the interatomic interactions and, in particular, the relative importance of contact over dipolar interactions. These features provide exquisite control knobs for exploring the few- and many-body physics of dipolar quantum gases. The study of dipolar effects in magnetic quantum gases has covered various few-body phenomena that are based on elastic and inelastic anisotropic scattering. Various many-body effects have also been demonstrated. These affect both the shape, stability, dynamics, and excitations of fully polarised repulsive Bose or Fermi gases. Beyond the mean-field instability, strong dipolar interactions competing with slightly weaker contact interactions between magnetic bosons yield new quantum-stabilised states, among which are self-bound droplets, droplet assemblies, and supersolids. Dipolar interactions also deeply affect the physics of atomic gases with an internal degree of freedom as these interactions intrinsically couple spin and atomic motion. Finally, long-range dipolar interactions can stabilise strongly correlated excited states of 1D gases and also impact the physics of lattice-confined systems, both at the spin-polarised level (Hubbard models with off-site interactions) and at the spinful level (XYZ models). In the present manuscript, we aim to provide an extensive overview of the various related experimental achievements up to the present.

arXiv:2201.02672•Reports on Progress in Physics•Dec 2, 2022•397 citations

Off-diagonal correlations in a one-dimensional gas of dipolar bosons

Tommaso Roscilde, Massimo Boninsegni

We present a quantum Monte Carlo study of the one-body density matrix (OBDM) and the momentum distribution of one-dimensional (1D) dipolar bosons, with dipole moments polarized perpendicular to the direction of confinement. We observe that the long-range nature of the dipole interaction has dramatic effects on the off-diagonal correlations: although the dipoles never crystallize, the system goes from a quasi-condensate regime at low interactions to a regime in which quasi-condensation is discarded in favor of quasi-solidity. For all strengths of the dipolar interaction we considered, the OBDM shows an oscillatory behavior coexisting with an overall algebraic decay, while the momentum distribution shows sharp kinks at the wavevectors of the oscillations, Q =±2π n (where n is the atom density), beyond which it is strongly suppressed. This momentum filtering effect introduces a characteristic scale in the momentum distribution, which can be arbitrarily squeezed by lowering the atom density. This shows that 1D dipolar Bose gases, realized e.g. by trapped dipolar molecules, show strong signatures of the dipolar interaction in time-of-flight measurements.

arXiv:0910.4165•New Journal of Physics•Mar 16, 2010•12 citations

The physics of dipolar bosonic quantum gases

Thierry Lahaye, C Menotti, L Santos +2 more

This paper reviews the recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of ultra-cold gases made of bosonic particles interacting via the long-range, anisotropic dipole–dipole interaction, in addition to the short-range and isotropic contact interaction usually at work in ultra-cold gases. The specific properties emerging from the dipolar interaction are emphasized, from the mean-field regime valid for dilute Bose–Einstein condensates, to the strongly correlated regimes reached for dipolar bosons in optical lattices.

arXiv:0905.0386•Reports on Progress in Physics•Nov 19, 2009•1,478 citations
We explore the effect of tunable integrability breaking dipole-dipole interactions in the equilibrium states of highly magnetic 1D Bose gases of dysprosium at low temperatures. We experimentally observe that in the strongly correlated Tonks-Girardeau regime, rapidity and momentum distributions are nearly unaffected by the dipolar interactions. By contrast, we also observe that significant changes of these distributions occur when decreasing the strength of the contact interactions. We show that the main experimental observations are captured by modeling the system as an array of 1D gases with only contact interactions, dressed by the contribution of the short-range part of the dipolar interactions. Improvements to theory-experiment correspondence will require new tools tailored to near-integrable models possessing both short and long-range interactions.
We study the effects of the intertube dipole-dipole interactions (DDI) in recent experiments with arrays of nearly integrable one-dimensional (1D) dipolar Bose gases of 162^{162}162Dy atoms. An earlier theoretical modeling ignored those interactions, which we include here via a modification of the 1D confining potentials. We investigate the effects of the intertube DDI both during the state preparation and during the measurements of the rapidity distributions. We explore how the strength of the contact interactions and the magnetic field angles modify the intertube DDI corrections. We find that those corrections slightly change both the properties of the equilibrium state and the rapidity measurements. Remarkably, however, the changes nearly cancel each other, resulting in measured rapidity distributions that are very close to those predicted in the absence of the intertube DDI.
Isolated quantum many-body systems with integrable dynamics generically do not thermalize when taken far from equilibrium.As one perturbs such systems away from the integrable point, thermalization sets in, but the nature of the crossover from integrable to thermalizing behavior is an unresolved and actively discussed question.We explore this question by studying the dynamics of the momentum distribution function in a dipolar quantum Newton's cradle consisting of highly magnetic dysprosium atoms.This is accomplished by creating the first one-dimensional Bose gas with strong magnetic dipole-dipole interactions.These interactions provide tunability of both the strength of the integrability-breaking perturbation and the nature of the near-integrable dynamics.We provide the first experimental evidence that thermalization close to a strongly interacting integrable point occurs in two steps: prethermalization followed by near-exponential thermalization.Exact numerical calculations on a two-rung lattice model yield a similar two-timescale process, suggesting that this is generic in strongly interacting near-integrable models.Moreover, the measured thermalization rate is consistent with a parameter-free theoretical estimate, based on identifying the types of collisions that dominate thermalization.By providing tunability between regimes of integrable and nonintegrable dynamics, our work sheds light on the mechanisms by which isolated quantum many-body systems thermalize and on the temporal structure of the onset of thermalization.
Since the achievement of quantum degeneracy in gases of chromium atoms in 2004, the experimental investigation of ultracold gases made of highly magnetic atoms has blossomed. The field has yielded the observation of many unprecedented phenomena, in particular those in which long-range and anisotropic dipole-dipole interactions (DDIs) play a crucial role. In this review, we aim to present the aspects of the magnetic quantum-gas platform that make it unique for exploring ultracold and quantum physics as well as to give a thorough overview of experimental achievements. Highly magnetic atoms distinguish themselves by the fact that their electronic ground-state configuration possesses a large electronic total angular momentum. This results in a large magnetic moment and a rich electronic transition spectrum. Such transitions are useful for cooling, trapping, and manipulating these atoms. The complex atomic structure and large dipolar moments of these atoms also lead to a dense spectrum of resonances in their two-body scattering behaviour. These resonances can be used to control the interatomic interactions and, in particular, the relative importance of contact over dipolar interactions. These features provide exquisite control knobs for exploring the few- and many-body physics of dipolar quantum gases. The study of dipolar effects in magnetic quantum gases has covered various few-body phenomena that are based on elastic and inelastic anisotropic scattering. Various many-body effects have also been demonstrated. These affect both the shape, stability, dynamics, and excitations of fully polarised repulsive Bose or Fermi gases. Beyond the mean-field instability, strong dipolar interactions competing with slightly weaker contact interactions between magnetic bosons yield new quantum-stabilised states, among which are self-bound droplets, droplet assemblies, and supersolids. Dipolar interactions also deeply affect the physics of atomic gases with an internal degree of freedom as these interactions intrinsically couple spin and atomic motion. Finally, long-range dipolar interactions can stabilise strongly correlated excited states of 1D gases and also impact the physics of lattice-confined systems, both at the spin-polarised level (Hubbard models with off-site interactions) and at the spinful level (XYZ models). In the present manuscript, we aim to provide an extensive overview of the various related experimental achievements up to the present.
We present a quantum Monte Carlo study of the one-body density matrix (OBDM) and the momentum distribution of one-dimensional (1D) dipolar bosons, with dipole moments polarized perpendicular to the direction of confinement. We observe that the long-range nature of the dipole interaction has dramatic effects on the off-diagonal correlations: although the dipoles never crystallize, the system goes from a quasi-condensate regime at low interactions to a regime in which quasi-condensation is discarded in favor of quasi-solidity. For all strengths of the dipolar interaction we considered, the OBDM shows an oscillatory behavior coexisting with an overall algebraic decay, while the momentum distribution shows sharp kinks at the wavevectors of the oscillations, Q =±2π n (where n is the atom density), beyond which it is strongly suppressed. This momentum filtering effect introduces a characteristic scale in the momentum distribution, which can be arbitrarily squeezed by lowering the atom density. This shows that 1D dipolar Bose gases, realized e.g. by trapped dipolar molecules, show strong signatures of the dipolar interaction in time-of-flight measurements.
This paper reviews the recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of ultra-cold gases made of bosonic particles interacting via the long-range, anisotropic dipole–dipole interaction, in addition to the short-range and isotropic contact interaction usually at work in ultra-cold gases. The specific properties emerging from the dipolar interaction are emphasized, from the mean-field regime valid for dilute Bose–Einstein condensates, to the strongly correlated regimes reached for dipolar bosons in optical lattices.