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arXiv:2210.01093 · Physical Review A

Droplet arrays in doubly dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates

Ratheejit Ghosh, Chinmayee Mishra, Luis Santos, Rejish Nath

Published Dec 26, 2022• 16 citations
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Abstract

Gases of doubly dipolar particles, with both magnetic and electric dipole moments, offer intriguing novel possibilities. We show that the interplay between doubly dipolar interactions, quantum stabilization, and external confinement results in a rich ground-state physics of supersolids and incoherent droplet arrays in doubly dipolar condensates. Our study reveals novel possibilities for engineering quantum droplets and droplet supersolids, including supersolid-supersolid transitions and the realization of supersolid arrays of pancake droplets.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.106.063318

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We analyze the physics of self-bound droplets in a doubly dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate composed by particles with both electric and magnetic dipole moments. Using the particularly relevant case of dysprosium, we show that the anisotropy of the doubly dipolar interaction potential is highly versatile and nontrivial, depending critically on the relative orientation and strength between the two dipole moments. This opens novel possibilities for exploring intriguing quantum many-body physics. Interestingly, by varying the angle between the two dipoles we find a dimensional crossover from quasi-one-dimensional to quasi-two-dimensional self-bound droplets. This opens a so far unique scenario in condensate physics, in which a dimensional crossover is solely driven by interactions in the absence of any confinement.
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This habilitation thesis pertains to the theoretical and computational investigation of dilute dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates in the bulk, where atoms interact through both short-range and dipole-dipole interactions. Twelve papers are summarized that were published over the period from 2015 to 2024, with four based on theory-experiment collaborations, and the remaining eight papers being purely theoretical. The papers are grouped thematically into three chapters: the first focuses on quantum droplets, which are dilute liquids resulting from a balance between attractive mean-field interactions and beyond-mean-field quantum fluctuations; the second pertains to the exploration and realization of the long-sought supersolid phase of matter, which simultaneously exhibits properties of both a solid and a superuid; and the third addresses binary supersolids in two-component dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates, whose additional degrees of freedom offer the potential for novel physics and provide a pathway to realizing bulk supersolids.
Quantum fluctuations can stabilize Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) against the mean-field collapse. Stabilization of the condensate has been observed in quantum degenerate Bose-Bose mixtures and dipolar BECs. The fine-tuning of the interatomic interactions can lead to the emergence of two new states of matter: liquid-like self-bound quantum droplets and supersolid crystals formed from these droplets. We review the properties of these exotic states of matter and summarize the experimental progress made using dipolar quantum gases and Bose-Bose mixtures. We conclude with an outline of important open questions that could be addressed in the future.
Recent breakthrough experiments on dipolar condensates have reported the creation of supersolids, including two-dimensional arrays of quantum droplets. Droplet arrays are, however, not the only possible nontrivial density arrangement resulting from the interplay of mean-field instability and quantum stabilization. Several other possible density patterns may occur in trapped condensates at higher densities, including the so-called honeycomb supersolid, a phase that exists, as it is also the case of a triangular droplet supersolid, in the thermodynamic limit. We show that compared to droplet supersolids, honeycomb supersolids have a much-enhanced superfluid fraction while keeping a large density contrast, and constitute in this sense a much better dipolar supersolid. However, in contrast to droplet supersolids, quantized vortices cannot be created in a honeycomb supersolid without driving a transition into a so-called labyrinthic phase. We show that the reduced moment of inertia, and with it the superfluid fraction, can be however reliably probed by studying the dynamics following a scissorslike perturbation.