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arXiv:1901.07982 · Physical Review X

Transient Supersolid Properties in an Array of Dipolar Quantum Droplets

Fabian Böttcher, Jan-Niklas Schmidt, Matthias Wenzel, Jens Hertkorn, Mingyang Guo, Tim Langen, Tilman Pfau

Published Mar 22, 2019• 453 citations
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Abstract

We study theoretically and experimentally the emergence of supersolid properties in a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate.The theory reveals a ground state phase diagram with three distinct regimes-a regular Bose-Einstein condensate and incoherent and coherent arrays of quantum droplets.The coherent droplets are connected by a background condensate, which leads-in addition to the periodic density modulation-to a robust phase coherence throughout the whole system.We further theoretically demonstrate that we are able to dynamically approach the ground state in our experiment and that its lifetime is limited only by three-body losses.Experimentally we probe and confirm the signatures of the phase diagram by observing the in situ density modulation as well as the phase coherence using matter wave interference.

DOI
10.1103/physrevx.9.011051

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We numerically study the many-body physics of molecular Bose-Einstein condensates with strong dipole-dipole interactions. We observe the formation of self-bound droplets, and explore phase diagrams that feature a variety of exotic supersolid states. In all of these cases, the large and tunable molecular dipole moments enable the study of unexplored regimes and phenomena, including liquidlike density saturation and universal stability scaling laws for droplets, as well as pattern formation and the limits of droplet supersolidity. We discuss a realistic experimental approach to realize both the required collisional stability of the molecular gases and the independent tunability of their contact and dipolar interaction strengths. Our work provides both a blueprint and a benchmark for near-future experiments with bulk molecular Bose-Einstein condensates.
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Recently, experimental and theoretical studies have been actively conducted on the supersolid state of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with magnetic dipole-dipole interaction (DDI).However, most of these studies have employed a single-component BEC, whose stabilization relies on the beyondmean-field effect with high density, and thus its lifetime is restricted.In this work, we propose a supersolid state of a two-component dipolar BEC, in which a weaker DDI can form the supersolid structure, stabilizing the system without the beyond-mean-field effect.As a result, such a supersolid has a longer lifetime, which enables the observation of long-time dynamics.Here we numerically demonstrate the dynamics of periodic droplet-structure formation triggered by sudden or gradual change of a parameter.We find that the generated droplets have the phase coherence, confirming dynamical formation of supersolid.
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