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arXiv:2209.14069 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Dispersion chain of quantum mechanics equations

E. E. Perepelkin, Б. И. Садовников, Наталья Германовна Иноземцева, A A Korepanova

Published Feb 20, 2023• 7 citations
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Abstract

Abstract Based on the dispersion chain of the Vlasov equations, the paper considers the construction of a new chain of equations of quantum mechanics of high kinematical values. The proposed approach can be applied to consideration of classical and quantum systems with radiation. A number of theorems are proved on the form of extensions of the Hamilton operators, Lagrange functions, Hamilton–Jacobi equations, and Maxwell equations to the case of a generalized phase space. In some special cases of lower dimensions, the dispersion chain of quantum mechanics is reduced to quantum mechanics in phase space (the Wigner function) and the de Broglie–Bohm «pilot wave» theory. An example of solving the Schrödinger equation of the second rank (for the phase space) is analyzed, which, in contrast to the Wigner function, gives a positive distribution density function.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8121/acbd71

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•Jan 1, 1963•0 citations
Abstract Based on the dispersion chain of the Vlasov equations, the paper considers the construction of a new chain of equations of quantum mechanics of high kinematical values. The proposed approach can be applied to consideration of classical and quantum systems with radiation. A number of theorems are proved on the form of extensions of the Hamilton operators, Lagrange functions, Hamilton–Jacobi equations, and Maxwell equations to the case of a generalized phase space. In some special cases of lower dimensions, the dispersion chain of quantum mechanics is reduced to quantum mechanics in phase space (the Wigner function) and the de Broglie–Bohm «pilot wave» theory. An example of solving the Schrödinger equation of the second rank (for the phase space) is analyzed, which, in contrast to the Wigner function, gives a positive distribution density function.
A full consideration of classical and quantum systems with radiation (electromagnetic/gravitational) requires the involvement of a mathematical description in the generalized phase space of high kinematical values. Based on the dispersion chain of equations of quantum mechanics, we construct a generalization of the von Neumann equation for the density matrix in the phase space of fourth-order kinematical values. The paper introduces a new extended definition of the fourth rank Wigner function, which is constructed from the wave functions of the second rank. A new extended Moyal equation (PSI-Moyal equation) for the Wigner function of the fourth rank is obtained. Theorems on the properties of the new PSI-Moyal equation and its solutions are proved. An example of a model quantum system is considered in detail.
Abstract A new method has been presented of constructing a class of exact solutions of an infinite self-linking chain of the Vlasov equations for distribution functions of kinematic quantities of all orders. Using the characteristic transformation of variables proposed in this paper, any equation from the Vlasov chain can be reduced to the mathematical form of the first Vlasov equation. Since the solution of the first Vlasov equation can be found by the solution of the Schrödinger equation, the authors have proposed an algorithm for constructing characteristic solutions for an arbitrary equation from the Vlasov chain. The proposed method of construction of exact solutions has been successfully implemented on an example of time-dependent quantum system with thermodynamic parameter in the form of inverse temperature. These found exact solutions are also applicable to quantum dot systems.
Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the problem of a harmonic oscillator with time-depending frequencies in the framework of the Vlasov theory and the Wigner function apparatus for quantum systems in the phase space. A new method is proposed to find an exact solution of this problem using a relation of the Vlasov equation chain with the Schrödinger equation and with the Moyal equation for the Wigner function. A method of averaging the energy function over the Wigner function in the phase space can be used to obtain time-dependent energy spectrum for a quantum system. The Vlasov equation solution can be represented in the form of characteristics satisfying the Hill equation. A particular case of the Hill equation, namely the Mathieu equation with unstable solutions, has been considered in details. An analysis of the dynamics of an unstable quantum system shows that the phase space square bounded with the Wigner function level line conserves in time, but the phase space square bounded with the energy function line increases. In this case the Vlasov equation characteristic is situated on the crosspoint of the Wigner function level line and the energy function line. This crosspoint moves in time with a trajectory that represents the unstable system dynamics. Each such trajectory has its own energy, and the averaging of these energies by the Wigner function results in time-dependent discreet energy spectrum for the whole system. An explicit expression has been obtained for the Wigner function of the 4th rank in the generalized phase space x , p , p ̇ , p ̈ .
The paper describes the kinematic properties of quantum systems in terms of phase space. Despite the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the consideration of quantum systems in phase space is widely used with the apparatus of quasi-probability density functions, such as the Wigner function and the gauge-invariant Weyl–Stratonovich function. The term “quasi-density” refers to the presence of phase-space regions with negative values of the probability density function and arouses interest in possible physical interpretations of such values. The kinematic properties of the systems are considered within the Wigner–Vlasov formalism, which enables to link the classical and quantum descriptions through a unified mathematical apparatus using the distribution function in phase space.
By means of a quantum mechanical phase space distribution function introduced by von Roos, the Schroedinger equation for a non-relativistic system of N identical particles with scalar interactions is transformed into a quantum mechanical generalization of the Liouville equation, thereby formulating the problem in terms of a generalized density in phase space, a quantity of primary interest in most treatments of the corresponding classical system (or plasma). This transformation permits a parallel development of the theories of classical and quantum plasmas and thus allows the quantum many-body problem to be discussed virtually completely in classical terms. In particular, a kinetic theory of quantum plasmas is obtained by deriving the quantum analogue of the BBGKY hierarchy, and applying thereto approximation techniques similar to those of Rostocker and Rosenbluth, and Bogoliubov. The point of departure from similar previous studies based on the Wigner distribution function is that the proper exchange symmetry can be tractably introduced into the formalism. Attention is first focused on the Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations, in which case the quantum BBGKY system reduces to a simple quantum generalization of the Vlasov equation. This equation is used to study the response of spatially homogeneous systems to weak external forces, and the associated problems of plasmon and spin-wave excitations. It is also used to derive the quantum and exchange corrected equations of inviscid hydrodynamical transport which are then applied to the problem of sound propagation in the degenerate electron gas. The second part of the study is concerned with the theory of the many-electron atom in the Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations. The relevant quantum Vlasov equations lead naturally to a statistical theory of the atom which reduces to the Thomas-Fermi-Amaldi and Thomas Fermi models (respectively) as ħ → 0. For ħ ≠ 0, the quantum and exchange corrections to these models are simultaneously generated. The quantum hydrodynamical theory developed earlier is used to determine the influence of these corrections on the boundary conditions of the model, and a theory of the compressed atom is consequently obtained. Considered in somewhat less detail are the effects of non-zero temperature, net orbital angular momentum, relativity and correlations, as well as time dependent processes. The final part deals with the problem of the degenerate electron gas with a uniform neutralizing background. Going beyond the Hartree-Fock approximation, the pair functions for particles with parallel and anti-parallel spin are obtained by neglecting three particle correlations. From these functions, a quantum-mechanical collision integral is derived which differs from that obtained by Silin and Guernsey and conjectured by Wyld and Pines in that dynamical exchange effects are included. Also obtained from the pair function is an expression for the correlation which reduces in the high density limit to the result of Gell-Mann and Brueckner. At intermediate densities an additional term appears in the energy due to the screening of the exchange interaction by the dielectric properties of the medium. It is evaluated in the high density limit and found to be -0.151 r_s ln r_s Ryd/electron in marked disagreement with the corresponding value obtained by DuBois.