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arXiv:2209.13340 · Physical Review Research

Evolution of entanglement entropy in strongly correlated bosons in an optical lattice

Shion Yamashika, Daichi Kagamihara, Ryosuke Yoshii, Shunji Tsuchiya

Published Nov 1, 2023• 3 citations
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Abstract

We investigate the time evolution of the second-order R\'enyi entropy (RE) for bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice following a sudden quench of the hopping amplitude $J$. Specifically, we examine systems that are quenched into the strongly correlated Mott-insulating (MI) regime with $J/U\ensuremath{\ll}1$ ($U$ denotes the strength of the on-site repulsive interaction) from the MI limit with $J=0$. In this regime, the low-energy excited states can be effectively described by fermionic quasiparticles known as doublons and holons. They are excited in entangled pairs through the quench dynamics. By developing an effective theory, we derive a direct relation between the RE and correlation functions associated with doublons and holons. This relation allows us to analytically calculate the RE and obtain a physical picture for the RE, both in the ground state and during time evolution through the quench dynamics, in terms of doublon-holon pairs. In particular, we show that the RE is proportional to the population of doublon-holon pairs that span the boundary of the subsystem. Our quasiparticle picture introduces some remarkable features that are absent in previous studies on the dynamics of entanglement entropy in free-fermion models. It provides with valuable insights into the dynamics of entanglement entropy in strongly-correlated systems.

DOI
10.1103/physrevresearch.5.043102

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We investigate the time evolution of the second-order R'enyi entropy (RE) for bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice following a sudden quench of the hopping amplitude JJJ. Specifically, we examine systems that are quenched into the strongly correlated Mott-insulating (MI) regime with J/U\ensuremath≪1J/U\ensuremath{\ll}1J/U\ensuremath≪1 (UUU denotes the strength of the on-site repulsive interaction) from the MI limit with J=0J=0J=0. In this regime, the low-energy excited states can be effectively described by fermionic quasiparticles known as doublons and holons. They are excited in entangled pairs through the quench dynamics. By developing an effective theory, we derive a direct relation between the RE and correlation functions associated with doublons and holons. This relation allows us to analytically calculate the RE and obtain a physical picture for the RE, both in the ground state and during time evolution through the quench dynamics, in terms of doublon-holon pairs. In particular, we show that the RE is proportional to the population of doublon-holon pairs that span the boundary of the subsystem. Our quasiparticle picture introduces some remarkable features that are absent in previous studies on the dynamics of entanglement entropy in free-fermion models. It provides with valuable insights into the dynamics of entanglement entropy in strongly-correlated systems.
We study the time evolution of the R\'enyi entanglement entropies following a quantum quench in a two-dimensional (2D) free fermion system. By employing dimensional reduction, we effectively transform the 2D problem into decoupled chains, a technique applicable when the system exhibits translational invariance in one direction. Various initial configurations are examined, revealing that the behavior of entanglement entropies can often be explained by adapting the one-dimensional quasiparticle picture. However, intriguingly, for specific initial states the entanglement entropy saturates to a finite value without the reduced density matrix converging to a stationary state. We discuss the conditions necessary for a stationary state to exist and delve into the necessary modifications to the quasiparticle picture when such a state is absent.
We investigate the time-dependent R\'enyi entanglement entropy after a quantum quench starting from the Mott-insulating and charge-density-wave states in a one-dimensional free boson system. The second R\'enyi entanglement entropy is found to be the negative of the logarithm of the permanent of a matrix consisting of time-dependent single-particle correlation functions. From this relation and a permanent inequality, we obtain rigorous conditions for satisfying the volume-law entanglement growth. We also succeed in calculating the time evolution of the R\'enyi entanglement entropy in extremely large systems by brute-force computations of the permanent. We discuss possible applications of our findings to the real-time dynamics of noninteracting bosonic systems.
We investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of strongly interacting bosons in a finite bichromatic Mott lattice following a sudden quench of the secondary lattice amplitude. The coefficient entropies and second Rényi entropy exhibit pronounced growth toward their Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOE) predictions from random-matrix theory, consistent with GOE-like statistical spreading in the employed multiconfigurational representation. In striking contrast, experimentally accessible observables, including the momentum distribution, fragmentation, and Glauber correlation functions, remain nearly unchanged throughout the evolution. For the sampled strong quenches, the coefficient entropies, second Rényi entropy, and the NNN-body coefficient spreading collapse onto a common relaxation trajectory that becomes largely independent of the perturbation strength. Our results reveal an emergent hidden ergodic relaxation beneath the persistent local Mott-like order. An effective embedded random-matrix model captures the qualitative crossover from restricted to extensive Hilbert-space spreading, providing an interpretive framework for the observed relaxation dynamics.
The Rényi entanglement entropies of quasiparticle excitations in the many-body gapped systems show a remarkable universal picture which is independent of the model, the quasiparticle momenta, and the connectedness of the subsystem. In this letter we calculate exactly the single-interval and double-interval Rényi entanglement entropies of quasiparticle excitations in the many-body gapped fermions, bosons, and XY chains and find additional contributions to the universal Rényi entanglement entropy in the excited states with quasiparticles of different momenta. The additional terms are different in different models, depend on the momentum differences of the quasiparticles, and are different for the single interval and the double interval. We derive the analytical Rényi entanglement entropy in the extremely gapped limit, matching perfectly the numerical results as long as either the intrinsic correlation length of the model or all the de Broglie wavelengths of the quasiparticles are small. When the momentum difference of any pair of distinct quasiparticles is small, the additional terms are non-negligible. We argue that the derived formulas can be applied to a wider range of models than those discussed here.
We study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of bosonic atoms in a 1D optical lattice, after the ground-state is excited by a single spontaneous emission event, i.e. after an absorption and re-emission of a lattice photon. This is an important fundamental source of decoherence for current experiments, and understanding the resulting dynamics and changes in the many-body state is important for controlling heating in quantum simulators. Previously it was found that in the superfluid regime, simple observables relax to values that can be described by a thermal distribution on experimental time-scales, and that this breaks down for strong interactions (in the Mott insulator regime). Here we expand on this result, investigating the relaxation of the momentum distribution as a function of time, and discussing the relationship to eigenstate thermalization. For the strongly interacting limit, we provide an analytical analysis for the behavior of the system, based on an effective low-energy Hamiltonian in which the dynamics can be understood based on correlated doublon-holon pairs.
The time evolution of the entanglement entropy in non-equilibrium quantum systems provides crucial information about the structure of the time-dependent state. For quantum quench protocols, by combining a quasiparticle picture for the entanglement spreading with the exact knowledge of the stationary state provided by Bethe ansatz, it is possible to obtain an exact and analytic description of the evolution of the entanglement entropy. Here we discuss the application of these ideas to several integrable models. First we show that for non-interacting systems, both bosonic and fermionic, the exact time-dependence of the entanglement entropy can be derived by elementary techniques and without solving the dynamics. We then provide exact results for interacting spin chains that are carefully tested against numerical simulations. Finally, we apply this method to integrable one-dimensional Bose gases (Lieb-Liniger model) both in the attractive and repulsive regimes. We highlight a peculiar behaviour of the entanglement entropy due to the absence of a maximum velocity of excitations.