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arXiv:2209.05292 · Nuclear Physics B

Revising the universality class of the four-dimensional Ising model

P. H. Lundow, Klas Markström

Published Jun 12, 2023• 6 citations
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to determine the behavior of the specific heat of the 4-dimensional Ising model in a region around the critical temperature, and via that determine if the Ising model and the ϕ4-model belong to the same universality class in dimension 4. In order to do this we have carried out what is currently the largest scale simulations of the 4-dimensional Ising model, extending the lattices size up to L=256 and the number of samples per size by several orders of magnitude compared to earlier works, keeping track of data for both the canonical and microcanonical ensembles. Our conclusion is that the Ising model has a bounded specific heat, while the ϕ4-model is known to have a logarithmic divergence at the critical point. Hence the two models belong to distinct universality classes in dimension 4.

DOI
10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2023.116256

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The aim of this paper is to determine the behavior of the specific heat of the 4-dimensional Ising model in a region around the critical temperature, and via that determine if the Ising model and the ϕ4-model belong to the same universality class in dimension 4. In order to do this we have carried out what is currently the largest scale simulations of the 4-dimensional Ising model, extending the lattices size up to L=256 and the number of samples per size by several orders of magnitude compared to earlier works, keeping track of data for both the canonical and microcanonical ensembles. Our conclusion is that the Ising model has a bounded specific heat, while the ϕ4-model is known to have a logarithmic divergence at the critical point. Hence the two models belong to distinct universality classes in dimension 4.
In this paper we investigate the nature of the singularity of the Ising model of the four-dimensional cubic lattice. It is rigorously known that the specific heat has critical exponent alpha=0 but a nonrigorous field-theory argument predicts an unbounded specific heat with a logarithmic singularity at Tc. We find that within the given accuracy the canonical ensemble data are consistent both with a logarithmic singularity and a bounded specific heat but that the microcanonical ensemble lends stronger support to a bounded specific heat. Our conclusion is that either much larger system sizes are needed for Monte Carlo studies of this model in four dimensions or the field-theory prediction of a logarithmic singularity is wrong.
The Ising models S=1/2 and S=1 are studied by efficient Monte Carlo schemes on the (3,4,6,4) and the (3,3,3,3,6) Archimedean lattices. The algorithms used, a hybrid Metropolis-Wolff algorithm and a parallel tempering protocol, are briefly described and compared with the simple Metropolis algorithm. Accurate Monte Carlo data are produced at the exact critical temperatures of the Ising model for these lattices. Their finite-size analysis provide, with high accuracy, all critical exponents which, as expected, are the same with the well-known 2D Ising model exact values. A detailed finite-size scaling analysis of our Monte Carlo data for the S=1 model on the same lattices provides very clear evidence that this model obeys, also very well, the 2D Ising model critical exponents. As a result, we find that recent Monte Carlo simulations and attempts to define effective dimensionality for the S=1 model on these lattices are misleading. Accurate estimates are obtained for the critical amplitudes of the logarithmic expansions of the specific heat for both models on the two Archimedean lattices.
In this paper we study finite-size scaling at criticality in the Gibbs ensemble with Monte Carlo simulations. A recent lattice-gas version of Gibbs-ensemble sampling for the two-dimensional Ising-model magnet with nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic interactions on two subsystems of L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L lattices is considered. Both square and triangular lattices with a range of lattice sizes are simulated at bulk criticality. We are interested in the question of universality for the fourth-order cumulant of the order-parameter distribution in the Gibbs ensemble. Estimates of -1.954\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 and -1.9543\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 are obtained for the square and triangular lattices, respectively. These values confirm universality within the Gibbs ensemble, but are statistically different from the canonical-ensemble values of \ensuremath{\sim}-1.83. We point out that one must interpret this apparent ensemble dependence with care. Unlike in the canonical ensemble, the order parameter in the Gibbs ensemble is the subsystem magnetization. Its fourth-order cumulant is not simply related to the usual fourth magnetic-field derivative of the total free energy. Standard finite-size scaling analysis of data for the total specific heat, subsystem magnetization, and susceptibility are also considered and found to be in good agreement with finite-size scaling.
The four-dimensional Ising model is simulated on the Creutz cellular automaton (CCA) near the infinite-lattice critical temperature for the lattice with the linear dimension 4 ⩽ L ⩽ 22. The temperature dependence of Binder parameter (g L) are analyzed for the lattice with the linear dimension 4 ⩽ L ⩽ 22. In this study conducted highly detailed, two different types of behavior were determined as a result of varying linear lattice dimension. The infinite lattice critical temperatures are obtained to be T c = 6.6845 ± 0.0005 in interval 4 ⩽ L ⩽ 12 and T c = 6.6807 ± 0.0024 in interval 14 ⩽ L ⩽ 22. The finite and infinite lattice critical exponents for the order parameter, the magnetic susceptibility and the specific heat are computed from the results of simulations by using finite-size scaling relations. Critical linear lattice size have been identified as L = 14.
All of the information on the behavior of the four-dimensional Ising model is contained in the distribution and density of its partition function zeros. This model is believed to belong to the same universality class as the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}_{4}^{4}$ model which plays a central role in relativistic quantum field theory. Here the scaling behavior of the edge of the distribution of zeros and the asymptotic form for the density of zeros are determined. The finite-size dependency of the density of zeros---or the distance between zeros---at the infinite volume critical point is found using both analytic and numerical approaches. As with a previous analysis of the lowest lying zero, emphasis is laid on the multiplicative logarithmic corrections to mean field scaling behavior which are related to the triviality of the Ising and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}^{4}$ models in four dimensions.