Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2206.08249 · Journal of Physics Communications

Commutativity and the emergence of classical objectivity

Eoghan Ryan, Eoin Carolan, Steve Campbell, Mauro Paternostro

Published Sep 1, 2022• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract We examine how the ability of a system to redundantly proliferate relevant information about its pointer states is affected when it is coupled to multiple baths. To this end, we consider a system in contact with two baths: one—termed the accessible environment —which, on its own, induces a pure dephasing mechanism on the state of the system and satisfies the conditions for classical objectivity to be established. The second environment, which we dub as inaccessible, affects the system in two physically relevant ways. Firstly, we consider an interaction that commutes with the Hamiltonian describing the interaction between system and accessible bath. It thus also gives rise to dephasing of the system, albeit on different time scales. Secondly, we consider a thermalising interaction, which does not commute with the system-accessible environment Hamiltonian. While the former still allows the system to redundantly encode its state into the accessible environment, the latter degrades the correlations, eventually destroying them in the long-time limit, and thus leads to a loss of the conditions necessary for classical objectivity to be established. This sheds light on the role that commutativity between the various system-bath interaction terms plays when establishing the conditions for classical objectivity to be supported.

DOI
10.1088/2399-6528/ac8f19

Related papers

Quantum Darwinism and objectivity in non-trivial systems and interactions

Eoghan Ryan

An explanation for the quantum-to-classical transition has long been sought after since the haydays of the field. Decoherence theory and open quantum system dynamics have paved the way, showing how a system can become correlated with, and so lose information into the environment. Quantum Darwinism, and its more stringent cousins Strong Quantum Darwinism and Spectrum Broadcast Structures, seek to explain how this information loss is achieved in such a way as to be objective, classical and redundant. However there remains questions as to how the structure of the environment, states and types of interactions can give rise to this redundant encoding. In this thesis, we collect the work of 3 of our papers, exploring these questions. First, we show how information from one environment can spread to another. Then we show how commutativity can play a role in the emergence of objectivity. Lastly, we move beyond a single, pure system to a more realistic bipartite one, with both classical and quantum correlations between the subsystems. We shall show how interactions between only these subsystems can mediate the redundancy of others, and how these can lower bound and upper bound other forms of interactions between said subsystems and the environment.

•Oct 1, 2026•0 citations

Correlations, Information Backflow, and Objectivity in a Class of Pure Dephasing Models

Nina Megier, Andrea Smirne, Steve Campbell +1 more

We critically examine the role that correlations established between a system and fragments of its environment play in characterising the ensuing dynamics. We employ a dephasing model with different initial conditions, where the state of the initial environment represents a tunable degree of freedom that qualitatively and quantitatively affects the correlation profiles, but nevertheless results in the same reduced dynamics for the system. We apply recently developed tools for the characterisation of non-Markovianity to carefully assess the role that correlations, as quantified by the (quantum) Jensen-Shannon divergence and relative entropy, as well as changes in the environmental state, play in whether the conditions for classical objectivity within the quantum Darwinism paradigm are met. We demonstrate that for precisely the same non-Markovian reduced dynamics of the system arising from different microscopic models, some exhibit quantum Darwinistic features, while others show that no meaningful notion of classical objectivity is present. Furthermore, our results highlight that the non-Markovian nature of an environment does not a priori prevent a system from redundantly proliferating relevant information, but rather it is the system's ability to establish the requisite correlations that is the crucial factor in the manifestation of classical objectivity.

arXiv:2201.10573•Entropy•Feb 21, 2022•12 citations

Emergence of quantum Darwinism and pointer states for noncommuting evolutions

Diana A. Chisholm, G. Massimo Palma, Luca Innocenti

Quantum systems achieve objectivity by redundantly encoding information about themselves into the surrounding environment, through a mechanism known as quantum Darwinism. When this happens, observers measure the environment and infer the system to be in one of its pointer states. We study the emergence of objectivity whenever the Hamiltonian of the system and the interaction Hamiltonian between system and environment do not commute, a condition where it becomes difficult to identify pointer states, and the use of methods such as the predictability sieve becomes necessary. We show in an explicit qubit model to what degree the noncommuting evolution allows for the emergence of objective states, and show that a definition of pointer states based on spectrum broadcast structure is more natural in this context, and coincides with the one based on the predictability sieve for commuting evolutions.

arXiv:2510.06867•APS Open Science•May 1, 2026•0 citations

When Isolated Quantum Systems Appear Classical

Thiago R. de Oliveira, Pedro S. Correia, Tiago Debarba +3 more

The emergence of classical behavior and the origin of thermal equilibrium are two central problems in the foundations of physics. In the standard accounts, both phenomena are typically explained through interactions with an external environment: decoherence suppresses quantum interference, while coupling to a thermal bath drives relaxation toward equilibrium. Over the last decades, however, it has become clear that equilibration and thermalization can arise even in fully isolated quantum systems, in the operational sense that the expectation values of relevant observables remain close to equilibrium values for most of the time. Here, we ask whether the same intrinsic equilibration mechanism can also account for the emergence of classical behavior. Using rigorous bounds on equilibration in closed systems, we derive sufficient conditions under which a time-evolved pure state becomes, for most times, operationally indistinguishable from a classical mixture associated with a chosen physical property. We identify two complementary routes to such operational classicality: either the chosen property almost commutes with the system Hamiltonian or the observables used to probe the system lose access to the remaining coherence after equilibration. Our results show that classical behavior need not be confined to the energy basis and may emerge even when substantial coherence remains present in the equilibrium state. This establishes a direct connection between two foundational questions: the origin of thermalization in isolated quantum systems and the quantum-to-classical transition

quant-pharXiv:2606.19188•Jun 18, 2026•0 citations

Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical

Wojciech Hubert Zurek

The manner in which states of some quantum systems become effectively classical is of great significance for the foundations of quantum physics, as well as for problems of practical interest such as quantum engineering. In the past two decades it has become increasingly clear that many (perhaps all) of the symptoms of classicality can be induced in quantum systems by their environments. Thus decoherence is caused by the interaction in which the environment in effect monitors certain observables of the system, destroying coherence between the pointer states corresponding to their eigenvalues. This leads to environment-induced superselection or einselection, a quantum process associated with selective loss of information. Einselected pointer states are stable. They can retain correlations with the rest of the universe in spite of the environment. Einselection enforces classicality by imposing an effective ban on the vast majority of the Hilbert space, eliminating especially the flagrantly nonlocal ``Schr\"odinger-cat states.'' The classical structure of phase space emerges from the quantum Hilbert space in the appropriate macroscopic limit. Combination of einselection with dynamics leads to the idealizations of a point and of a classical trajectory. In measurements, einselection replaces quantum entanglement between the apparatus and the measured system with the classical correlation. Only the preferred pointer observable of the apparatus can store information that has predictive power. When the measured quantum system is microscopic and isolated, this restriction on the predictive utility of its correlations with the macroscopic apparatus results in the effective ``collapse of the wave packet.'' The existential interpretation implied by einselection regards observers as open quantum systems, distinguished only by their ability to acquire, store, and process information. Spreading of the correlations with the effectively classical pointer states throughout the environment allows one to understand ``classical reality'' as a property based on the relatively objective existence of the einselected states. Effectively classical pointer states can be ``found out'' without being re-prepared, e.g, by intercepting the information already present in the environment. The redundancy of the records of pointer states in the environment (which can be thought of as their ``fitness'' in the Darwinian sense) is a measure of their classicality. A new symmetry appears in this setting. Environment-assisted invariance or envariance sheds new light on the nature of ignorance of the state of the system due to quantum correlations with the environment and leads to Born's rules and to reduced density matrices, ultimately justifying basic principles of the program of decoherence and einselection.

arXiv:quant-ph/0105127•Reviews of Modern Physics•May 22, 2003•4,294 citations

Redundancy Is Not Objectivity: Quantum Darwinism, Branch Objectivity, and Phase Recoverability in The Many-Worlds Interpretation

Oltan Cankat Riordan

This paper examines the role of Quantum Darwinism in explaining the emergence of classical objectivity within The Many-Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics. Decoherence explains why macroscopically distinct alternatives become practically inaccessible to local observers, but it does not by itself explain why multiple observers can independently agree on the same classical state. Quantum Darwinism strengthens this account by describing how information about stable pointer states becomes redundantly encoded in environmental fragments. However, this paper argues that redundancy is necessary for objectivity but not enough to explain objectivity. A simple qubit test model implemented in Qiskit is used to demonstrate redundant environmental coding. The discussion connects this claim to Strong Quantum Darwinism, Spectrum Broadcast Structure, and Quantum Discord, which sharpen the distinction between mere correlation and objective classical records. Finally, this paper proposes phase anti-redundancy as a future direction; While pointer state information becomes locally redundant, cross-branch phase information appears to remain globally encoded and increasingly difficult to recover. This suggests that branch objectivity may require not only redundant classical records, but also the fact that cross-branch phase information is encoded in global correlations rather than in locally accessible environmental fragments.

•Aug 14, 2026•0 citations
Abstract We examine how the ability of a system to redundantly proliferate relevant information about its pointer states is affected when it is coupled to multiple baths. To this end, we consider a system in contact with two baths: one—termed the accessible environment —which, on its own, induces a pure dephasing mechanism on the state of the system and satisfies the conditions for classical objectivity to be established. The second environment, which we dub as inaccessible, affects the system in two physically relevant ways. Firstly, we consider an interaction that commutes with the Hamiltonian describing the interaction between system and accessible bath. It thus also gives rise to dephasing of the system, albeit on different time scales. Secondly, we consider a thermalising interaction, which does not commute with the system-accessible environment Hamiltonian. While the former still allows the system to redundantly encode its state into the accessible environment, the latter degrades the correlations, eventually destroying them in the long-time limit, and thus leads to a loss of the conditions necessary for classical objectivity to be established. This sheds light on the role that commutativity between the various system-bath interaction terms plays when establishing the conditions for classical objectivity to be supported.
An explanation for the quantum-to-classical transition has long been sought after since the haydays of the field. Decoherence theory and open quantum system dynamics have paved the way, showing how a system can become correlated with, and so lose information into the environment. Quantum Darwinism, and its more stringent cousins Strong Quantum Darwinism and Spectrum Broadcast Structures, seek to explain how this information loss is achieved in such a way as to be objective, classical and redundant. However there remains questions as to how the structure of the environment, states and types of interactions can give rise to this redundant encoding. In this thesis, we collect the work of 3 of our papers, exploring these questions. First, we show how information from one environment can spread to another. Then we show how commutativity can play a role in the emergence of objectivity. Lastly, we move beyond a single, pure system to a more realistic bipartite one, with both classical and quantum correlations between the subsystems. We shall show how interactions between only these subsystems can mediate the redundancy of others, and how these can lower bound and upper bound other forms of interactions between said subsystems and the environment.
We critically examine the role that correlations established between a system and fragments of its environment play in characterising the ensuing dynamics. We employ a dephasing model with different initial conditions, where the state of the initial environment represents a tunable degree of freedom that qualitatively and quantitatively affects the correlation profiles, but nevertheless results in the same reduced dynamics for the system. We apply recently developed tools for the characterisation of non-Markovianity to carefully assess the role that correlations, as quantified by the (quantum) Jensen-Shannon divergence and relative entropy, as well as changes in the environmental state, play in whether the conditions for classical objectivity within the quantum Darwinism paradigm are met. We demonstrate that for precisely the same non-Markovian reduced dynamics of the system arising from different microscopic models, some exhibit quantum Darwinistic features, while others show that no meaningful notion of classical objectivity is present. Furthermore, our results highlight that the non-Markovian nature of an environment does not a priori prevent a system from redundantly proliferating relevant information, but rather it is the system's ability to establish the requisite correlations that is the crucial factor in the manifestation of classical objectivity.
Quantum systems achieve objectivity by redundantly encoding information about themselves into the surrounding environment, through a mechanism known as quantum Darwinism. When this happens, observers measure the environment and infer the system to be in one of its pointer states. We study the emergence of objectivity whenever the Hamiltonian of the system and the interaction Hamiltonian between system and environment do not commute, a condition where it becomes difficult to identify pointer states, and the use of methods such as the predictability sieve becomes necessary. We show in an explicit qubit model to what degree the noncommuting evolution allows for the emergence of objective states, and show that a definition of pointer states based on spectrum broadcast structure is more natural in this context, and coincides with the one based on the predictability sieve for commuting evolutions.
The emergence of classical behavior and the origin of thermal equilibrium are two central problems in the foundations of physics. In the standard accounts, both phenomena are typically explained through interactions with an external environment: decoherence suppresses quantum interference, while coupling to a thermal bath drives relaxation toward equilibrium. Over the last decades, however, it has become clear that equilibration and thermalization can arise even in fully isolated quantum systems, in the operational sense that the expectation values of relevant observables remain close to equilibrium values for most of the time. Here, we ask whether the same intrinsic equilibration mechanism can also account for the emergence of classical behavior. Using rigorous bounds on equilibration in closed systems, we derive sufficient conditions under which a time-evolved pure state becomes, for most times, operationally indistinguishable from a classical mixture associated with a chosen physical property. We identify two complementary routes to such operational classicality: either the chosen property almost commutes with the system Hamiltonian or the observables used to probe the system lose access to the remaining coherence after equilibration. Our results show that classical behavior need not be confined to the energy basis and may emerge even when substantial coherence remains present in the equilibrium state. This establishes a direct connection between two foundational questions: the origin of thermalization in isolated quantum systems and the quantum-to-classical transition
The manner in which states of some quantum systems become effectively classical is of great significance for the foundations of quantum physics, as well as for problems of practical interest such as quantum engineering. In the past two decades it has become increasingly clear that many (perhaps all) of the symptoms of classicality can be induced in quantum systems by their environments. Thus decoherence is caused by the interaction in which the environment in effect monitors certain observables of the system, destroying coherence between the pointer states corresponding to their eigenvalues. This leads to environment-induced superselection or einselection, a quantum process associated with selective loss of information. Einselected pointer states are stable. They can retain correlations with the rest of the universe in spite of the environment. Einselection enforces classicality by imposing an effective ban on the vast majority of the Hilbert space, eliminating especially the flagrantly nonlocal ``Schr\"odinger-cat states.'' The classical structure of phase space emerges from the quantum Hilbert space in the appropriate macroscopic limit. Combination of einselection with dynamics leads to the idealizations of a point and of a classical trajectory. In measurements, einselection replaces quantum entanglement between the apparatus and the measured system with the classical correlation. Only the preferred pointer observable of the apparatus can store information that has predictive power. When the measured quantum system is microscopic and isolated, this restriction on the predictive utility of its correlations with the macroscopic apparatus results in the effective ``collapse of the wave packet.'' The existential interpretation implied by einselection regards observers as open quantum systems, distinguished only by their ability to acquire, store, and process information. Spreading of the correlations with the effectively classical pointer states throughout the environment allows one to understand ``classical reality'' as a property based on the relatively objective existence of the einselected states. Effectively classical pointer states can be ``found out'' without being re-prepared, e.g, by intercepting the information already present in the environment. The redundancy of the records of pointer states in the environment (which can be thought of as their ``fitness'' in the Darwinian sense) is a measure of their classicality. A new symmetry appears in this setting. Environment-assisted invariance or envariance sheds new light on the nature of ignorance of the state of the system due to quantum correlations with the environment and leads to Born's rules and to reduced density matrices, ultimately justifying basic principles of the program of decoherence and einselection.
This paper examines the role of Quantum Darwinism in explaining the emergence of classical objectivity within The Many-Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics. Decoherence explains why macroscopically distinct alternatives become practically inaccessible to local observers, but it does not by itself explain why multiple observers can independently agree on the same classical state. Quantum Darwinism strengthens this account by describing how information about stable pointer states becomes redundantly encoded in environmental fragments. However, this paper argues that redundancy is necessary for objectivity but not enough to explain objectivity. A simple qubit test model implemented in Qiskit is used to demonstrate redundant environmental coding. The discussion connects this claim to Strong Quantum Darwinism, Spectrum Broadcast Structure, and Quantum Discord, which sharpen the distinction between mere correlation and objective classical records. Finally, this paper proposes phase anti-redundancy as a future direction; While pointer state information becomes locally redundant, cross-branch phase information appears to remain globally encoded and increasingly difficult to recover. This suggests that branch objectivity may require not only redundant classical records, but also the fact that cross-branch phase information is encoded in global correlations rather than in locally accessible environmental fragments.