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arXiv:2206.06529 · Physical review. D/Physical review. D.

Nondegenerate internal squeezing: An all-optical, loss-resistant quantum technique for gravitational-wave detection

James W. Gardner, M. J. Yap, V. B. Adya, S. Chua, Bram J. J. Slagmolen, David E. McClelland

Published Aug 5, 2022• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The detection of kilohertz-band gravitational waves promises discoveries in astrophysics, exotic matter, and cosmology. To improve the kilohertz quantum noise--limited sensitivity of interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, we investigate nondegenerate internal squeezing: optical parametric oscillation inside the signal-recycling cavity with distinct signal-mode and idler-mode frequencies. We use an analytic Hamiltonian model to show that this stable, all-optical technique is tolerant to decoherence from optical detection loss and that it, with its optimal readout scheme, is feasible for broadband sensitivity enhancement.

DOI
10.1103/physrevd.106.l041101

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The detection of kilohertz-band gravitational waves promises discoveries in astrophysics, exotic matter, and cosmology. To improve the kilohertz quantum noise--limited sensitivity of interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, we investigate nondegenerate internal squeezing: optical parametric oscillation inside the signal-recycling cavity with distinct signal-mode and idler-mode frequencies. We use an analytic Hamiltonian model to show that this stable, all-optical technique is tolerant to decoherence from optical detection loss and that it, with its optimal readout scheme, is feasible for broadband sensitivity enhancement.
Quantum noise is one of the limiting factors in laser-interferometric gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. The application of squeezed states in these interferometers allows the reduction of quantum noise in one quadrature. Due to opto-mechanical coupling in a GW detector the squeezed quadrature needs to be rotated within the spectrum to achieve a broadband noise reduction. So far, the implementation of additional filter cavities is considered that allow for the optimal, frequency-dependent rotation of the squeezed quadrature. However, these cavities need to have low loss, a length in the order of \unit[100]{m} and must be situated in the vacuum system, making them cost-intensive. In 2017, Ma and coworkers proposed a scheme for the broadband quantum-noise reduction without the need of additional filter cavities. It was shown by Brown et al. that a similar scheme can be used to broadband-enhance interferometers with a detuned signal-recycling cavity. Here, we performed a proof-of-principle experiment of the proposal on a table-top-scale. Squeezed states were produced detuned to the carrier field of a \unit[2.5]{m}-linear cavity and read out in a bichromatic homodyne detection. The frequencies of the lower and upper local oscillator were at entangled sidebands of the squeezed field. Depending on the relations between the involved frequencies, we can address both variants of the proposal. We show, that the frequency-dependences of the resulting noise spectra fit to a theoretical model we derived from the theory used by Ma et al. With this work we set the path towards an implementation of these schemes in a GW-detector prototype, where the compatibility of the approach with a low-frequency suspended interferometer can be tested. Moreover, we used the same setup to show nonclassical interferometer enhancement at low frequencies by high-frequency squeezed states. Here, a heterodyne readout scheme was implemented to avoid limiting noises at low frequencies. The application of squeezed states centered around the local oscillator frequency yielded an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio of $\unit[3.4]{dB}\pm\unit[0.3]{dB}$. Additionally, I designed, built and characterized a compact source of squeezed vacuum-states at \unit[1064]{nm} with a footprint of just $\unit[0.8]{m^2}$. I show measurements of squeezed states from this source with a reduction of quantum noise of $\unit[10.7]{dB}\pm\unit[0.2]{dB}$ below the vacuum noise and present a noise reduction in the frequency range from \unit[70]{kHz} to \unit[65]{MHz}.
We present a bidirectional internal squeezing scheme for gravitational-wave detectors and show that it saturates the lowest known lower bounds on quantum noise from internal optical dissipation. The scheme uses two optical parametric amplification stages inside the signal-extraction cavity that act on intra-cavity fields propagating in opposite directions. Thereby, most vacuum fields entering the interferometer are squeezed, while the signal and internal vacuum fields are amplified so that loss in the readout path adds no further noise. We show that the resulting signal-referred quantum noise spectral density is independent of the arm-cavity input and signal-extraction transmissivities at high frequencies, opening design freedom to mitigate technical constraints and radiation-pressure noise. We derive these results analytically, compare them with other internal squeezing and amplification schemes, and validate the full quantum-noise spectrum through numerical simulations. We also assess realistic implementations, including dissipation mechanisms and transverse mode mismatch introduced by the scheme, and find that 'mode healing' in the signal-extraction cavity can suppress mismatch losses. These results identify bidirectional internal squeezing as a possible upgrade path for gravitational-wave observatories such as LIGO, and the scheme may also benefit future observatories and other interferometry experiments.
Abstract Ground-based interferometric gravitational wave detectors are highly precise sensors for weak forces, limited in sensitivity across their detection band by quantum fluctuations of light. Current and future instruments address this limitation by injecting frequency-dependent squeezed vacuum into the detection port, utilizing narrow-band, low-loss optical cavities for optimal rotation of the squeezing ellipse at each signal frequency. This study introduces a novel scheme employing the principles of quantum teleportation and entangled states of light. It allows achieving broadband suppression of quantum noise in detuned signal recycled-Fabry-Perot--Michelson interferometers, which is the baseline design of the low-frequency detector within the Einstein Telescope xylophone detector, without requiring additional filter cavities or modifications to the core optics of the main interferometer.
Abstract We propose adding a nonlinear element to a long signal recycling cavity to enhance the high-frequency sensitivity (900 Hz–5 kHz) of a kilometer-scale interferometric gravitational wave detector. Using numbers for absorption and scattering losses in the detector consistent with advanced LIGO+, we demonstrate a factor of 3.5 improvement in quantum noise limited strain sensitivity in the kHz regime. Such a configuration is robust to internal losses and reduces the requirement on the amount of circulating power in the detector to achieve sensitivity comparable to future gravitational wave detectors. This proposed configuration is compatible with the existing gravitational wave detector vacuum infrastructure and could enable exploration of exotic science, such as observing the merger phase of binary neutron stars, which in turn may provide constraints on the neutron star equation of state.
Quantum optical sensors are ubiquitous in various fields of research, from biological or medical sensors to large-scale experiments searching for dark matter or gravitational waves. Gravitational-wave detectors have been very successful in implementing cavities and quantum squeezed light for enhancing sensitivity to signals from black hole or neutron star mergers. However, the sensitivity to weak forces is limited by the available energy and the optical decoherence in the system. Here, we derive the fundamental sensitivity limit of cavity- and squeezed-light-enhanced interferometers with optical loss. This limit is attained by the optimal use of an additional internal squeeze operation, which allows the mitigation of readout loss. We demonstrate the application of internal squeezing to various scenarios and confirm that it indeed allows one to reach the best sensitivity in cavity- and squeezed-light-enhanced linear force sensors. Our work establishes the groundwork for the future development of optimal sensors in real-world scenarios where, up until now, the application of squeezed light was curtailed by various sources of decoherence.
Optical decoherence degrades quantum correlations in squeezed states of light, severely limiting the quantum-nondemolition (QND) sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors. Here, we propose the path-degenerate quantum interferometry scheme that obviates the need for entire optical subsystems---including additional filter cavities, auxiliary parametric amplifiers, and Faraday isolators---thereby drastically reducing spatial mode mismatches while inherently integrating variational output, a long-standing theoretical proposal to further deepen the QND regime. We experimentally demonstrate a core aspect of this scheme, achieving a shot-noise-preserving signal enhancement that directly counteracts the detrimental effects of readout loss. By delivering an improved signal-to-quantum-noise ratio solely through the consolidation and reduction of currently considered optical subsystems, our approach offers a highly optimized route toward enhanced quantum-noise reduction in upcoming LIGO upgrades and next-generation gravitational-wave observatories.