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arXiv:2205.01354 · Applied Physics Letters

Integration of silicon-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds with an optical nanofiber

Ramachandrarao Yalla, Y. Kojima, Y. Fukumoto, H. Suzuki, O. Ariyada, K. Muhammed Shafi, K. P. Nayak, K. Hakuta

Published Jun 13, 2022• 14 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate the integration of silicon-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds (SiV-NDs) with an optical nanofiber (ONF). We grow SiV-NDs on seed NDs dispersed on a quartz substrate using a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition method. First, we search and characterize SiV-NDs on a quartz substrate using an inverted confocal microscope and an atomic force microscope (AFM). Subsequently, we pick up SiV-NDs from the quartz substrate and deposit them on the surface of a free-standing ONF using the AFM tip. The fluorescence emission spectrum, photon count rate, and intensity correlations for SiV-NDs are systematically measured.

DOI
10.1063/5.0093116

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We experimentally demonstrate the integration of silicon-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds (SiV-NDs) with an optical nanofiber (ONF). We grow SiV-NDs on seed NDs dispersed on a quartz substrate using a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition method. First, we search and characterize SiV-NDs on a quartz substrate using an inverted confocal microscope and an atomic force microscope (AFM). Subsequently, we pick up SiV-NDs from the quartz substrate and deposit them on the surface of a free-standing ONF using the AFM tip. The fluorescence emission spectrum, photon count rate, and intensity correlations for SiV-NDs are systematically measured.
The focus of this thesis is the fabrication of diamond nanocrystals containing many Silicon Vacancy (SiV) centres. Firstly, we grow via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) a 200−µmthick diamond film on a silicon substrate. From this film, we produce diamond nanocrystals by means of ball milling. We characterize the physical and optical properties of the nanodia- mond sample with a lab-built integrated confocal and atomic force microscope. We find thatthe fabricated nanodiamonds have an average size of ∼160 nm and contain SiV centres witha zero phonon line centred at 739 nm and an average inhomogeneus spectral line broadening of ∼12 nm. Secondly, we employ the fabricated nanodiamonds containing SiV centres to investigate a new type of optical trapping in liquid. This method exploits near-resonant dipole forces due to the atomic transition of the SiV centres and results in detuning-dependent attractiveand repulsive forces in the vicinity of the atomic transition.
The development of integrated quantum technologies relies on efficient single-photon sources and deterministic quantum operations. Solid-state quantum emitters coupled to nanophotonic structures present a promising solution. This work investigates color centers in nanodiamonds,particularly Germanium Vacancy (GeV) [1], Silicon Vacancy (SiV), and Magnesium Vacancy (MgV) centers, a novel, understudied emitter [2], at both room and cryogenic temperatures. These nanodiamonds are chosen for their stability and superior coherence properties at cryogenic conditions. To collect their emission we have successfully deposited a single GeV- nanodiamond on tapered optical nanofibers by gently contacting a diluted droplet to the nanofiber [3], demonstrating an average coupling of 15% into a conventional optical fiber through the confined evanescent field of the nanofiber mode and single photon emission. Building on this achievement, we aim to study the system at cryogenic temperatures, which should enable the demonstration of efficient and indistinguishable single photons coupling to conventional optical fibers.Current collection efficiencies are intrinsically limited to 30% with the nanofiber[4], and improving light-matter coupling efficiency remains a key goal for high-performance single-photon sources and more advanced applications.To achieve this, we are investigating a newly developed technique [5]: the deterministic fabrication of dielectric and plasmonic nanostructures directly on the nanofiber surface using an “electron beam induced deposition” (EBID). The precision and versatility of this technique openthe way to different applications: Purcell enhancement of the quantum emitter emission using metallic nanoantennas and efficient light-matter coupling using dielectric structures. Our first calculation shown that optimizing the composition, geometry, and placement of these nanostructures a simple pattern of carbon pillars around the emitter should increase coupling efficiency up to 69% while maintaining high transmission in the nanofiber. We also demonstratethe fabrication of those nanostructures on top of the nanofiber.This work advances integrated nanophotonic devices for single-photon sources.[1] M. Nahra et al.,Single germanium vacancy centers in nanodia-monds with bulk-like spectral stability, AVS Quantum Science3(1), (2021).[2] E. Corte et al, Magnesium-Vacancy Optical Centers in Diamond, ACS Photonics, 10(1), p101-110, (2023)[3] Pierini et al. Highly Photostable Perovskite Nanocubes : TowardIntegrated Single Photon Sources Based on Tapered Nanofibers.ACS Photonics, 7(8), p.2265-2272, (2020).[4] Fujiwara et al., Highly efficient coupling of photons from na-noemitters into single-mode optical fibers, Nano Letters, 11(10),4362–4365, (2011).[5] A.Balena et al, Deterministic Bottom-Up Fabrication of Plasmonic Nanostructures on OpticalNanofibers via Blurred Electron Beam Deposition (soon to be published in Advance Material).
Nanodiamonds containing color centers have been attracting attention as a hybrid system with nanophotonic devices to realize photonic quantum information devices such as highly efficient single photon sources. In various color centers, silicon vacancy (SiV) centers are especially interesting because of high photo-stability, high brightness, high Debye-Waller factor (about 70%), and lifetime-limited fluorescence linewidth. The nanodiamonds containing SiV centers have been usually fabricated by milling large nanodiamonds with SiV centers, which are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). However, this milling method has an issue with the production yield. Here, we report on the fabrication of SiV centers inside nanodiamonds by direct implantation of Si ions, which allows the creation at a high production yield due to no requirement of the milling process. By implanting Si ions into nanodiamonds (median size of 25 nm), we fabricate SiV centers exhibiting a narrow linewidth of about 7 nm at room temperature. This linewidth is more than twice as narrow as previous reports on the implantation of Si ions into nanodiamonds.
We introduce an advanced material system for the production and spectroscopy of single silicon vacancy (SiV) color centers in diamond. We use microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition to synthesize heteroepitaxial nanodiamonds of approximately 160 nm in lateral size with a thickness of approximately 75 nm. These oriented ``nanoislands'' combine the enhanced fluorescence extraction from subwavelength-sized nanodiamonds with defined crystal orientation. The investigated SiV centers display narrow zero-phonon lines down to 0.7 nm in the wavelength range 730--750 nm. We investigate in detail the phonon coupling and vibronic sidebands of single SiV centers, revealing significant inhomogeneous effects. Polarization measurements reveal polarized luminescence and preferential absorption of linearly polarized light.
Ultrasmall (about 10 nm), low-strain, artificially produced diamonds with an internal, active color center have substantial potential for quantum information processing and biomedical applications. Thus, it is of great importance to be able to artificially produce such diamonds. Here, we report on the high-pressure, high-temperature synthesis of such nanodiamonds about 10 nm in size and containing an optically active, single silicon-vacancy color center. Using special sample preparation technique, we were able to prepare samples containing single nanodiamonds on the surface. By correlating atomic-force microscope images and confocal optical images, we verified the presence of optically active color centers in single nanocrystals, and using second-order correlation measurements, we proved the single-photon emission statistics of these nanodiamonds. These color centers have nonblinking, spectrally narrow emission with narrow distribution of spectral width and positions of zero-phonon line, thus proving the high quality of the nanodiamonds produced.