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arXiv:2204.10088 · Zhongguo kexue. Wulixue Lixue Tianwenxue

一种新颖的基于类GHZ态的两方半量子密钥分配协议

Tian-Jie Xu, Tian-Yu Ye

Published Jun 1, 2022• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

本文提出了一种新颖的两方半量子密钥分配(Smiquantum key distribution,SQKD)协议,该协议只使用一种类GHZ态。所提出的SQKD协议可以实现在不存在第三方的情况下在一个具有无限量子能力的量子方和一个具有有限量子能力的经典方之间创建一个共享隐秘密钥。该协议不需要Hadamard门或者纠缠交换操作。详细的安全性分析表明,所提出的SQKD协议能够抵御来自外部窃听者的几种著名攻击,如特洛伊木马攻击、纠缠-测量攻击、双重控制非攻击、测量-重发攻击和截获-重发攻击。

DOI
10.1360/sspma-2022-0160

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本文提出了一种新颖的两方半量子密钥分配(Smiquantum key distribution,SQKD)协议,该协议只使用一种类GHZ态。所提出的SQKD协议可以实现在不存在第三方的情况下在一个具有无限量子能力的量子方和一个具有有限量子能力的经典方之间创建一个共享隐秘密钥。该协议不需要Hadamard门或者纠缠交换操作。详细的安全性分析表明,所提出的SQKD协议能够抵御来自外部窃听者的几种著名攻击,如特洛伊木马攻击、纠缠-测量攻击、双重控制非攻击、测量-重发攻击和截获-重发攻击。
针对网络环境下用户身份认证的安全高效的需求,本文提出基于量子编码类GHZ(Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger)态的半量子身份认证(Semi-Quantum Identity Authentication,SQIA)方案。方案包括具有无限量子操作能力的可信中心及有限操作能力的经典认证用户,借助类GHZ态的性质,在量子编码的辅助条件下认证用户仅采用半量子操作可实现准入用户的身份认证过程。详细的安全性分析表明,所提出的SQIA方案能够抵御特洛伊木马攻击、假冒攻击及纠缠−测量−转发攻击。
提出了一种把Ⅳ粒子纠缠GHZ态从发送者Alice传送给远方的接收者Bob的控制性隐形传送方案.在传送过程中,Ⅳ对非最大纠缠EPR态和m粒子GHZ态被选择作为量子通道.发送者Alice先对它所拥有的粒子做贝尔态测量,然后每一位控制者对它们各自所拥有的GHZ态粒子先进行Hadamard变换再做投影测量,之后将它们的最终测量结果通过经典通道告知给接收者Bob,根据接收到的经典信息,Bob通过引入一个辅助粒子并且对它所拥有的粒子做唯一的通用幺正变换,就可以重现原始态.结果显示,传送成功的总概率为 ,任何一个控制者的信息缺失都将导致传送的失败.
本文提出了一种新颖的基于四粒子团簇态的两方半量子同时身份互认证协议,使得两个半量子参与者在半忠诚第三方(Third Party, TP)的帮助下实现双方身份的同时互认证。该协议所采用的四粒子团簇态可通过对四个初态都为 的粒子施加一系列的Hadamard门和控制非门来制备。 该协议不需要延迟线、量子纠缠交换以及量子隐形传态,只需要两个半量子参与者执行Z基测量和制备处于Z基的粒子。该协议被证实能抵御来自外部窃听者的假冒攻击、截获-重发攻击、测量-重发攻击、特洛伊木马攻击、纠缠-测量攻击和TP的内部攻击。在IBM Qiskit量子云平台上进行的量子线路仿真证实了该协议的正确性。
为实现简单经济的量子隐形传态,提出利用5 粒子团簇态实现3 粒子GHZ态的隐形传态方案.团簇态具有持续纠缠性和最大连通性等特点,很适合作为量子信道,可实现绝对安全的信息传递.该方案需要发送者进行两次Bell 基联合测量、一次Hadamard 变换和一次单粒子测量,并将测量结果通过经典信道告诉接收者.接收者根据发送者的测量结果,进行一次控制非门操作和相应的幺正变换,就可以实现量子的隐形传态,传输成功概率为100%.该方案中的操作比较简单,在实验上比较容易实现,具有很强的可操作性.
Recently Boyer et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 140501 (2007)] suggested the idea of semiquantum key distribution (SQKD) in which Bob is classical and they also proposed a semiquantum key distribution protocol (BKM2007). To discuss the security of the BKM2007 protocol, they proved that their protocol is completely robust. This means that nonzero information acquired by Eve on the information string implies the nonzero probability that the legitimate participants can find errors on the bits tested by this protocol. The BKM2007 protocol uses four quantum states to distribute a secret key. In this paper, we simplify their protocol by using less than four quantum states. In detail, we present five different SQKD protocols in which Alice sends three quantum states, two quantum states, and one quantum state, respectively. Also, we prove that all the five protocols are completely robust. In particular, we invent two completely robust SQKD protocols in which Alice sends only one quantum state. Alice uses a register in one SQKD protocol, but she does not use any register in the other. The information bit proportion of the SQKD protocol in which Alice sends only one quantum state but uses a register is the double as that in the BKM2007 protocol. Furthermore, the information bit rate of the SQKD protocol in which Alice sends only one quantum state and does not use any register is not lower than that of the BKM2007 protocol.