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arXiv:2204.09159 · Physical Review A

Resonant and nonresonant integrated third-order parametric down-conversion

Milica Banić, Marco Liscidini, John E. Sipe

Published Jul 14, 2022• 14 citations
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Abstract

The viability of third-order parametric down-conversion, a process that converts a single photon into triplets, has been considered in a number of platforms. Here, the authors extend this list to include integrated systems, deriving analytic equations to investigate this process in waveguides and resonators. They perform simulations aligned with existing fabrication technology in order to make realistic predictions and point experimentalists in the right direction.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.106.013710

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In this thesis we study the generation of non-classical states of light using nonlinear integrated photonics. We focus first on third-order parametric down-conversion (TOPDC), a process in which pump photons can be down-converted into photon triplets, and which could serve as a source of non-Gaussian states and tripartite discrete-variable entanglement. We investigate the possibility of implementing TOPDC in conventional integrated structures. By comparing the estimated triplet generation rates in a waveguide and a microring resonator, we establish that non-resonant structures appear to be a more promising platform for a near-term demonstration of TOPDC, due to the high generation bandwidth enhancing the rate of triplet generation. We estimate generation rates of ~10 triplets per second for a 1-cm-long waveguide driven by a 100 mW CW pump, a rate that is comparable to or higher than those quoted for other proposals. We then estimate the non-Gaussianity that might be expected in a supermode of the field generated by our sample structures. The predicted non-Gaussianity is negligible in both structures, for different reasons: The generation rate in the ring is too low, while the field generated by the waveguide is highly multimode. We conclude that although a simple SiN waveguide may be a suitable source for a first demonstration of optical TOPDC, the design will need to be improved significantly for observations of non-Gaussianity or tripartite entanglement in the generated light. Indeed, state generation protocols based on conventional spontaneous four-wave mixing sources and postselection appear to be more promising in the near term. We adopt this approach to design integrated sources of postselected multipartite states in a frequency bin encoding scheme. We introduce sources of W states and GHZ states, with kHz generation rates expected for picojoule pump pulses. This platform appears to be promising for the generation of more arbitrary states, including high-dimensional ones consisting of entangled qudits. We review a graph-based strategy that may be useful for designing other devices, and for understanding the limitations of this platform.
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Optical fibers have been considered an optimal platform for third-order parametric down-conversion since they can potentially overcome the weak third-order nonlinearity by their long interaction length. Here we present, in the first part, a theoretical derivation for the conversion rate both in the case of spontaneous generation and in the presence of a seed beam. Then we review three types of optical fibers and we examine their properties in terms of conversion efficiency and practical feasibility.