Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2204.06583 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Hawking radiation on the lattice from Floquet and local Hamiltonian quench dynamics

Daan Maertens, Nick Bultinck, Karel Van Acoleyen

Published Jan 16, 2024• 5 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We construct two free fermion lattice models exhibiting Hawking pair creation. Specifically, we consider the simplest case of a $d=1+1$ massless Dirac fermion, for which the Hawking effect can be understood in terms of a quench of the uniform vacuum state with a nonuniform Hamiltonian that interfaces modes with opposite chirality. For both our models, we find that additional modes arising from the lattice discretization play a crucial role, as they provide the bulk reservoir for the Hawking radiation: the Hawking pairs emerge from fermions deep inside the Fermi sea scattering off the effective black hole horizon. Our first model combines local hopping dynamics with a translation over one lattice site, and we find the resulting Floquet dynamics to realize a causal horizon, with fermions scattering from the region outside the horizon. For our second model, which relies on a purely local hopping Hamiltonian, we find the fermions to scatter from the inside. In both cases, for Hawking temperatures up to the inverse lattice spacing, we numerically find the resulting Hawking spectrum to be in perfect agreement with the Fermi-Dirac quantum field theory prediction.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.109.014309

Related papers

Emergent Hawking radiation and quantum sensing in a quenched chiral spin chain

Nitesh Jaiswal, S. Shankaranarayanan

We investigate the emergence and detection of Hawking radiation (HR) in a 1D chiral spin chain model, where the gravitational collapse is simulated by a sudden quantum quench that triggers a horizon-inducing phase transition. While our previous work [33] established that this model mimics black hole (BH) formation conditions even when the Hoop conjecture is seemingly violated, we here focus on the resulting stationary radiation spectrum and its detectability. By mapping the spin chain dynamics to a Dirac fermion in a curved ( 1 + 1 ) -dimensional spacetime, we analyze the radiation using two complementary approaches: field-theoretic modes and operational quantum sensors. First, using localized Gaussian wave packets to model realistic detectors, we find that the radiation spectrum exhibits deviations from the ideal Planckian form, while retaining robust Poissonian statistics that signal the loss of formation-scale information. Second, we introduce a qubit coupled globally to the chiral spin chain. Rather than acting as a localized point detector (which would break translational invariance), the qubit couples to the collective chiral excitations of the analogue spacetime, functioning as a global quantum sensor. We demonstrate that the decoherence dynamics of this macroscopic probe faithfully encode the thermal nature of the HR in the weak-coupling limit, while strong-coupling dynamics reveal non-Markovian memory effects driven by the horizon. These results provide a clear operational protocol for distinguishing genuine analog HR from environmental noise in quantum simulation platforms.

arXiv:2602.04593•Physics Letters B•Apr 17, 2026•0 citations

Hawking Radiation in non-Hermitian Microscopic Analogues

Diego F. Munoz-Arboleda, Cristiane Morais Smith, Marcus Stålhammar

Non-Hermitian systems have recently emerged as a convenient platform to realize black-hole physics. Here, we propose a microscopic open quantum system, namely a fermionic tight-binding chain coupled to Markovian reservoirs, which emulates black-hole properties. The resulting quadratic Lindbladian admits an effective non-Hermitian limit that produces a gain and loss lattice model with a non-reciprocal next-nearest-neighbor hopping. The rapidity spectrum of the full Lindbladian forms tilted exceptional cones that define an effective Painlevé-Gullstrand geometry and separates into black-hole and white-hole sectors, while steady-state particle densities and currents retain clear signatures at the horizon positions. We then analyze the effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian that arise from the microscopic quantum system. The biorthogonal flux identifies the outgoing exterior and interior channels. Finally, we introduce a fermionic Gaussian Nambu extension and formulate Hawking-pair witnesses through frequency-resolved scattering, nonlocal density-density correlations, and anomalous Hawking-partner amplitudes. The resulting correlations display analogue Hawking radiation signatures, while the frequency-resolved Hawking-partner correlations satisfy the fermionic covariance-positivity constraint. These results establish a connection between microscopic open-system dynamics, emergent non-Hermitian geometry, and fermionic many-body probes of analogue Hawking radiation.

quant-pharXiv:2609.05632•Sep 8, 2026

Spontaneous Hawking Radiation from Dynamical Black-Hole Formation in Quantum Spin Systems

Shunichiro Kinoshita, Keiju Murata, Daisuke Yamamoto +1 more

We show that Hawking radiation spontaneously generated by dynamical black-hole formation can be realized in a local quantum spin model. Starting from the ground state corresponding to the early-time vacuum, with no initially prepared excitations, we follow the dynamics induced by the evolving geometry. In the corresponding continuum quantum field theory, Hawking particle creation is associated with nontrivial Bogoliubov mixing between the in- and out-mode decompositions. We derive the resulting renormalized local energy density in the continuum quantum field theory, which corresponds to an energy-weighted integral of the Hawking spectrum, and identify its counterpart as a local spin observable whose expectation value quantitatively reproduces the continuum prediction, including its dependence on the surface gravity. The agreement persists over a finite time window whose duration grows logarithmically with system size, revealing the crossover from universal continuum Hawking physics to lattice-cutoff dynamics. These results establish a microscopic route to quantum simulation of quantum field theory in curved spacetime, connecting field-theoretic particle creation directly to experimentally accessible many-body observables.

hep-thCross-listedarXiv:2610.07794•Oct 7, 2026•0 citations

Entanglement and apparent thermality in simulated black holes

Iason A. Sofos, Andrew Hallam, Jiannis K. Pachos

We investigate the apparent thermality of Hawking radiation in the semi-classical limit of quantum black holes using the mean-field limit of a chiral spin-chain simulator, which models fermions propagating on a black hole space-time in the continuum. In this free-theory regime, no genuine thermalisation occurs. Nevertheless, we show that a bipartition across the event horizon yields a reduced density matrix whose mode occupations follow an apparent thermal Fermi-Dirac distribution. In contrast, partitions away from the horizon do not exhibit such thermal distributions, reflecting the absence of thermal behaviour. Our results demonstrate that Hawking radiation appears thermal only with respect to horizon bipartitions in free theories, with genuine thermal behaviour expected to emerge only in the presence of strong interactions deep in the black hole interior, a study of which we leave for future work.

arXiv:2509.22774•SciPost Physics Core•Oct 14, 2026•0 citations

Probing quantum properties of black holes with a Floquet-driven optical lattice simulator

Asmae Benhemou, Georgia Nixon, Aydin Deger +2 more

In the curved spacetime of a black hole, quantum physics gives rise to distinctive effects such as Hawking radiation and maximally fast scrambling. Here, we present a scheme for an analogue quantum simulation of (1 + 1) and (2 + 1)-dimensional black holes using ultracold atoms in a locally Floquet-driven optical lattice. We show how the effective dynamics of the driven system can generate position-dependent tunnelling amplitudes that encode the curved geometry of the black hole. Moreover, we provide a simple and robust scheme to determine the Hawking temperature of a (1+1)D simulated black hole based solely on on-site atom population measurements. Combined with the highly tunable onsite atom-atom interactions typical for cold atoms, our simulator provides a powerful and feasible platform to probe the scrambling of quantum information in black holes. We illustrate the ergodicity of our (2+1)D black-hole simulator by showing numerically that its level statistics in the hard-core limit approaches the ergodic regime faster than a globally homogeneous Hamiltonian.

arXiv:2312.14058•Dec 21, 2023•0 citations

Effect of Hawking radiation on quantum resources in Dirac black hole model

De-Feng Liu, Su-Wan Tu, Cheng‐Cheng Liu +3 more

Abstract The black hole information paradox arises from the tension between the thermal spectral properties of Hawking radiation and the unitarity principle in quantum mechanics. To explore the dynamical evolution characteristics of quantum fields in this context, we employ the standard quantization formalism for Dirac fields in Schwarzschild spacetime and investigate the coupling structure of particle and antiparticle modes within a framework that transcends the single-mode approximation. By calculating the states of externally observable subsystems, we systematically derive the evolution of concurrence and first-order coherence as functions of the Hawking temperature. Additionally, we assess the impact of varying initial parameters on these quantities. We further contrast the quantum entanglement differences between the observable exterior region and the black hole interior across diverse temperature regimes. These results provide valuable insights into the evolution of entanglement and coherence in curved spacetime.

Laser Physics Letters•May 1, 2026•0 citations
We construct two free fermion lattice models exhibiting Hawking pair creation. Specifically, we consider the simplest case of a d=1+1d=1+1d=1+1 massless Dirac fermion, for which the Hawking effect can be understood in terms of a quench of the uniform vacuum state with a nonuniform Hamiltonian that interfaces modes with opposite chirality. For both our models, we find that additional modes arising from the lattice discretization play a crucial role, as they provide the bulk reservoir for the Hawking radiation: the Hawking pairs emerge from fermions deep inside the Fermi sea scattering off the effective black hole horizon. Our first model combines local hopping dynamics with a translation over one lattice site, and we find the resulting Floquet dynamics to realize a causal horizon, with fermions scattering from the region outside the horizon. For our second model, which relies on a purely local hopping Hamiltonian, we find the fermions to scatter from the inside. In both cases, for Hawking temperatures up to the inverse lattice spacing, we numerically find the resulting Hawking spectrum to be in perfect agreement with the Fermi-Dirac quantum field theory prediction.
We investigate the emergence and detection of Hawking radiation (HR) in a 1D chiral spin chain model, where the gravitational collapse is simulated by a sudden quantum quench that triggers a horizon-inducing phase transition. While our previous work [33] established that this model mimics black hole (BH) formation conditions even when the Hoop conjecture is seemingly violated, we here focus on the resulting stationary radiation spectrum and its detectability. By mapping the spin chain dynamics to a Dirac fermion in a curved ( 1 + 1 ) -dimensional spacetime, we analyze the radiation using two complementary approaches: field-theoretic modes and operational quantum sensors. First, using localized Gaussian wave packets to model realistic detectors, we find that the radiation spectrum exhibits deviations from the ideal Planckian form, while retaining robust Poissonian statistics that signal the loss of formation-scale information. Second, we introduce a qubit coupled globally to the chiral spin chain. Rather than acting as a localized point detector (which would break translational invariance), the qubit couples to the collective chiral excitations of the analogue spacetime, functioning as a global quantum sensor. We demonstrate that the decoherence dynamics of this macroscopic probe faithfully encode the thermal nature of the HR in the weak-coupling limit, while strong-coupling dynamics reveal non-Markovian memory effects driven by the horizon. These results provide a clear operational protocol for distinguishing genuine analog HR from environmental noise in quantum simulation platforms.
Non-Hermitian systems have recently emerged as a convenient platform to realize black-hole physics. Here, we propose a microscopic open quantum system, namely a fermionic tight-binding chain coupled to Markovian reservoirs, which emulates black-hole properties. The resulting quadratic Lindbladian admits an effective non-Hermitian limit that produces a gain and loss lattice model with a non-reciprocal next-nearest-neighbor hopping. The rapidity spectrum of the full Lindbladian forms tilted exceptional cones that define an effective Painlevé-Gullstrand geometry and separates into black-hole and white-hole sectors, while steady-state particle densities and currents retain clear signatures at the horizon positions. We then analyze the effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian that arise from the microscopic quantum system. The biorthogonal flux identifies the outgoing exterior and interior channels. Finally, we introduce a fermionic Gaussian Nambu extension and formulate Hawking-pair witnesses through frequency-resolved scattering, nonlocal density-density correlations, and anomalous Hawking-partner amplitudes. The resulting correlations display analogue Hawking radiation signatures, while the frequency-resolved Hawking-partner correlations satisfy the fermionic covariance-positivity constraint. These results establish a connection between microscopic open-system dynamics, emergent non-Hermitian geometry, and fermionic many-body probes of analogue Hawking radiation.
We show that Hawking radiation spontaneously generated by dynamical black-hole formation can be realized in a local quantum spin model. Starting from the ground state corresponding to the early-time vacuum, with no initially prepared excitations, we follow the dynamics induced by the evolving geometry. In the corresponding continuum quantum field theory, Hawking particle creation is associated with nontrivial Bogoliubov mixing between the in- and out-mode decompositions. We derive the resulting renormalized local energy density in the continuum quantum field theory, which corresponds to an energy-weighted integral of the Hawking spectrum, and identify its counterpart as a local spin observable whose expectation value quantitatively reproduces the continuum prediction, including its dependence on the surface gravity. The agreement persists over a finite time window whose duration grows logarithmically with system size, revealing the crossover from universal continuum Hawking physics to lattice-cutoff dynamics. These results establish a microscopic route to quantum simulation of quantum field theory in curved spacetime, connecting field-theoretic particle creation directly to experimentally accessible many-body observables.
We investigate the apparent thermality of Hawking radiation in the semi-classical limit of quantum black holes using the mean-field limit of a chiral spin-chain simulator, which models fermions propagating on a black hole space-time in the continuum. In this free-theory regime, no genuine thermalisation occurs. Nevertheless, we show that a bipartition across the event horizon yields a reduced density matrix whose mode occupations follow an apparent thermal Fermi-Dirac distribution. In contrast, partitions away from the horizon do not exhibit such thermal distributions, reflecting the absence of thermal behaviour. Our results demonstrate that Hawking radiation appears thermal only with respect to horizon bipartitions in free theories, with genuine thermal behaviour expected to emerge only in the presence of strong interactions deep in the black hole interior, a study of which we leave for future work.
In the curved spacetime of a black hole, quantum physics gives rise to distinctive effects such as Hawking radiation and maximally fast scrambling. Here, we present a scheme for an analogue quantum simulation of (1 + 1) and (2 + 1)-dimensional black holes using ultracold atoms in a locally Floquet-driven optical lattice. We show how the effective dynamics of the driven system can generate position-dependent tunnelling amplitudes that encode the curved geometry of the black hole. Moreover, we provide a simple and robust scheme to determine the Hawking temperature of a (1+1)D simulated black hole based solely on on-site atom population measurements. Combined with the highly tunable onsite atom-atom interactions typical for cold atoms, our simulator provides a powerful and feasible platform to probe the scrambling of quantum information in black holes. We illustrate the ergodicity of our (2+1)D black-hole simulator by showing numerically that its level statistics in the hard-core limit approaches the ergodic regime faster than a globally homogeneous Hamiltonian.
Abstract The black hole information paradox arises from the tension between the thermal spectral properties of Hawking radiation and the unitarity principle in quantum mechanics. To explore the dynamical evolution characteristics of quantum fields in this context, we employ the standard quantization formalism for Dirac fields in Schwarzschild spacetime and investigate the coupling structure of particle and antiparticle modes within a framework that transcends the single-mode approximation. By calculating the states of externally observable subsystems, we systematically derive the evolution of concurrence and first-order coherence as functions of the Hawking temperature. Additionally, we assess the impact of varying initial parameters on these quantities. We further contrast the quantum entanglement differences between the observable exterior region and the black hole interior across diverse temperature regimes. These results provide valuable insights into the evolution of entanglement and coherence in curved spacetime.