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arXiv:2203.01689

Optical Properties of Yttrium Gallium Garnet

Jacob H. Davidson, Dorian Oser, Wolfgang Tittel

Published Mar 3, 2022• 0 citations
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Abstract

We report measurements of the reflection and transmission spectra of 2% doped Thulium Yttrium Gallium Garnet (Tm:YGG) using variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry(VASE) over a wavelength range from 210 to 1680 nm (0.73-5.9 eV). The well-known Tm resonances are identified and separated from the aggregate data, allowing us to calculate the previously unknown frequency dependence of the complex refractive index of the host material. This information is important for many applications of YGG in classical and quantum photonics, including constructing optical cavities, laser-based applications, and quantum information devices. A complete database of the obtained parameters is included in the supplementary information.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2203.01689

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We report measurements of the reflection and transmission spectra of 2% doped Thulium Yttrium Gallium Garnet (Tm:YGG) using variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry(VASE) over a wavelength range from 210 to 1680 nm (0.73-5.9 eV). The well-known Tm resonances are identified and separated from the aggregate data, allowing us to calculate the previously unknown frequency dependence of the complex refractive index of the host material. This information is important for many applications of YGG in classical and quantum photonics, including constructing optical cavities, laser-based applications, and quantum information devices. A complete database of the obtained parameters is included in the supplementary information.
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The magnetic properties of crystals doped with rare-earth ions have long been studied for their long coherence times and applications in signal processing. Here, the authors measure a complete tensor description of the hyperfine structure for a pair of optically addressable levels belonging to the Tm3+{}^{3+}3+-ion defects within the host material. Certain orientations of interest stand out, such as some that realize optical clock transitions; they are shown to have an invariant response to fluctuations in the local magnetic environment.
Decoherence of the 795 nm 3H6^{3}\mathrm{H}{}_{6}3H6​ to 3H4^{3}\mathrm{H}{}_{4}3H4​ transition in 11%{\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}:{\mathrm{Y}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}1 (Tm:YGG) is studied at temperatures as low as 1.2 K. The temperature, magnetic field, frequency, and time scale (spectral diffusion) dependence of the optical coherence lifetime is measured. Our results show that the coherence lifetime is impacted less by spectral diffusion than other known thulium-doped materials. Photon echo excitation and spectral hole burning methods reveal uniform decoherence properties and the possibility to produce full transparency for persistent spectral holes across the entire 56 GHz inhomogeneous bandwidth of the optical transition. Temperature-dependent decoherence is well described by elastic Raman scattering of phonons with an additional weaker component that may arise from a low density of glass-like dynamic disorder modes (two-level systems). Analysis of the observed behavior suggests that an optical coherence lifetime approaching 1 ms may be possible in this system at temperatures below 1 K for crystals grown with optimized properties. Overall, we find that Tm:YGG has superior decoherence properties compared to other Tm-doped crystals and is a promising candidate for applications that rely on long coherence lifetimes, such as optical quantum memories and photonic signal processing.
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Superradiance is a coherent emission phenomenon from an ensemble of emitters that share a collective excitation, and has potential applications in quantum metrology, quantum communication, and quantum computing. We demonstrate superradiant emission in a thulium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Tm:YAG) crystal, whose input and output faces are reflection coated to form a cavity that satisfies the impedance matching condition for light on resonance with the Tm transition line. This implementation allows us to observe superradiant emission in the low optical depth regime (OD approx. 1). We engineer the characteristic decay of the superradiant emission by tailoring the inhomogeneously broadened spectrum of Tm:YAG into absorption lines with different shapes, depths, and widths, and perform simulations over a wide range of parameters. We extend this investigation and discuss the possibility of a broadband quantum memory based on superradiance for long-distance quantum networks.
The intensities of optical absorption spectra of Er 3+ in single crystals of yttrium gallium garnet at 700 °K have been shown to fit Judd's theory of 4f-4f transitions with the following parameters: T 2 = 1·44 × 10 -21 s, T 4 = 1·12 × 10 -21 s, T 6 = 1·42 × 10 -21 s. These have been used to estimate Einstein coefficients useful in a discussion of the quantum efficiency of the fluorescence from the 4 S 3/2 state, and the efficiency of infra-red quantum counter action in the material. For pure spontaneous radiation an efficiency of 71% for transitions to the 4 I 15/2 ground state is expected. The quantum efficiency has also been directly measured and a value of 12% was obtained. This is lower owing to competing phonon processes. Using the experimental value for the quantum efficiency, and the above values of T , a theoretical photon gain for quantum counter action of 0·55 × 10 -8 has been calculated.