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arXiv:2201.11888

One second interrogation time in a 200 round-trip waveguide atom interferometer

Hyosub Kim, Krzyzanowska, Katarzyna, Karl C. Henderson, C. Ryu, Eddy Timmermans, M. G. Boshier

Published Jan 28, 2022• 10 citations
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Abstract

We report a multiple-loop guided atom interferometer in which the atoms make 200 small-amplitude roundtrips, instead of one large single orbit. The approach is enabled by using ultracold 39K gas and a magnetic Feshbach resonance that can tune the s-wave scattering length across zero to significantly reduce the atom loss from cold collisions. This scheme is resilient against noisy environments, achieving 0.9 s interrogation time without any vibration noise isolation or cancellation. A form of quantum lock-in amplification can be used with the device to measure localized potentials with high sensitivity. We used this technique to measure the dynamic polarizability of the 39K ground state at 1064 nm. The interferometer may also be a useful approach to building a compact multiple-loop Sagnac atom interferometer for rotation sensing.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2201.11888

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We report a multiple-loop guided atom interferometer in which the atoms make 200 small-amplitude roundtrips, instead of one large single orbit. The approach is enabled by using ultracold 39K gas and a magnetic Feshbach resonance that can tune the s-wave scattering length across zero to significantly reduce the atom loss from cold collisions. This scheme is resilient against noisy environments, achieving 0.9 s interrogation time without any vibration noise isolation or cancellation. A form of quantum lock-in amplification can be used with the device to measure localized potentials with high sensitivity. We used this technique to measure the dynamic polarizability of the 39K ground state at 1064 nm. The interferometer may also be a useful approach to building a compact multiple-loop Sagnac atom interferometer for rotation sensing.
Matter-wave interferometry with atoms propagating in a guiding potential is expected to provide compact, scalable and precise inertial sensing. However, a rotation sensing device based on the Sagnac effect with atoms guided in a ring has not yet been implemented despite continuous efforts during the last two decades. Here we discuss some intrinsic effects that limit the coherence in such a device and propose a scheme that overcomes these limitations and enables a multi-pass guiding Sagnac interferometer with a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) on a chip in a ring potential. We analyze crucial dephasing effects: potential roughness, phase diffusion due to atom-atom interactions and number uncertainty, and phase fluctuations. Owing to the recent progress in achieving high momentum beam splitting, creating smooth guides, and manipulating the matter-wavepacket propagation, guided interferometry can be implemented within the coherence time allowed by phase diffusion. Despite the lower particle flux in a guided Sagnac ring and the miniaturization of the interferometer, the estimated sensitivity, for reasonable and practical realizations of an atom chip-based gyroscope, is comparable to that of free-space interferometers, reaching 45 nrads^{-1}Hz^{-1/2}. A significant improvement over state-of-the-art free-space gyrocope sensitivities can be envisioned by using thermal atoms instead of a BEC, whereby the interferometer can be operated in a continuous fashion with the coherence limited by the scattering rate of the atoms with the background gas. Taking into account the sensitivity times length of the interferometer as the figure of merit which takes into account compactness, our configuration is expected to deliver a potential improvement of 2-4 orders of magnitude over state-of-the-art free-space gyroscopes for a BEC, and 4-6 orders of magnitude for thermal atoms.
We report the experimental realization of a large-area and multiaxis atomtronic interferometer in an optical waveguide for rotation sensing. A large enclosed area is achieved through multiloop operation in a guided-atom interferometer using Bose-Einstein condensates. We demonstrate a three-loop interferometer with a total interrogation time of ∼ 0.4 s and an enclosed area of 8.7 mm 2 —the largest reported in a fully guided or one-dimensional setup. High-contrast interference fringes are observed for up to five Sagnac orbits in a smaller loop-area configuration. Our approach enables interleaved rotation measurements about multiple arbitrary axes within the same experimental setup. We present results for area-enclosing interferometers in both horizontal and vertical planes, demonstrating that the interferometer contrast remains comparable across orthogonal orientations of the enclosed area vectors.
We propose to develop a new generation of compact high sensitivity gyroscopes using guided matter-waves on atom chips, able to fulfill the requirements of metrological applications. They will be designed to overcome the main limitations of free falling atoms interferometers: interrogation time and quantum projection noise. A cloud of cold 87Rb atoms will be coherently split and constrained to propagate along a circular guide of a few millimeters radius. At the output of the guide an interference signal sensitive to rotation via the Sagnac effect will be measured.
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We demonstrate the operation of an atom interferometer based on a weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate. We strongly reduce the interaction induced decoherence that usually limits interferometers based on trapped condensates by tuning the s-wave scattering length almost to zero via a magnetic Feshbach resonance. We employ a 39K condensate trapped in an optical lattice, where Bloch oscillations are forced by gravity. The fine-tuning of the scattering length down to 0.1 a_(0) and the micrometric sizes of the atomic sample make our system a very promising candidate for measuring forces with high spatial resolution. Our technique can be in principle extended to other measurement schemes opening new possibilities in the field of trapped atom interferometry.
Sagnac interferometers with massive particles promise unique advantages in achieving high-precision measurements of rotation rates over their optical counterparts. Recent proposals and experiments are exploring nonballistic Sagnac interferometers where trapped atoms are transported along a closed path. This is achieved by using superpositions of internal quantum states and their control with state-dependent potentials. We address emergent questions regarding the dynamical behavior of Bose-Einstein condensates in such an interferometer and its impact on rotation sensitivity. We investigate complex dependencies on atomic interactions as well as trap geometries, rotation rates, and speed of operation. We find that temporal transport profiles obtained from a simple optimization strategy for noninteracting particles remain surprisingly robust also in the presence of interactions over a large range of realistic parameters. High sensitivities can be achieved for short interrogation times far from the adiabatic regime. This highlights a route to building fast and robust guided-ring Sagnac interferometers with fully trapped atoms.