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arXiv:2201.01061 · Applied Physics Letters

Spin-squeezed states for metrology

Alice Sinatra

Published Mar 21, 2022• 20 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Spin-squeezing is a well-established “quantum technology,” where well-designed correlations in an ensemble of two-level systems reduce the statistical uncertainty of spectroscopic experiments. This paper reviews some important advances in the field, with emphasis on the author's contributions concerning, in particular, the fundamental limits imposed by decoherence. Building on the material presented in the first part, new ideas and some promising developments are outlined in the last section.

DOI
10.1063/5.0084096

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Spin-squeezing is a well-established “quantum technology,” where well-designed correlations in an ensemble of two-level systems reduce the statistical uncertainty of spectroscopic experiments. This paper reviews some important advances in the field, with emphasis on the author's contributions concerning, in particular, the fundamental limits imposed by decoherence. Building on the material presented in the first part, new ideas and some promising developments are outlined in the last section.
We investigate the quantum-mechanical noise in spectroscopic experiments on ensembles of N two-level (or spin-1/2) systems where transitions are detected by measuring changes in state population. By preparing correlated states, here called squeezed spin states, we can increase the signal-to-noise ratio in spectroscopy (by approximately N1/2{\mathit{N}}^{1/2}N1/2 in certain cases) over that found in experiments using uncorrelated states. Possible experimental demonstrations of this enhancement are discussed.
This paper reviews quantum spin squeezing, which characterizes the sensitivity of a state with respect to SU(2) rotations, and is significant for both entanglement detection and high-precision metrology. We first present various definitions of spin squeezing parameters, explain their origin and properties for typical states, and then discuss spin-squeezed states produced with nonlinear twisting Hamiltonians. Afterwards, we explain pairwise correlations and entanglement in spin-squeezed states, as well as the relations between spin squeezing and quantum Fisher information, where the latter plays a central role in quantum metrology. We also review the applications of spin squeezing for detecting quantum chaos and quantum phase transitions, as well as the influence of decoherence on spin squeezing. Finally, we review several experimental realizations of spin squeezing, as well as their corresponding theoretical backgrounds, including: producing spin-squeezed states via particle collisions in Bose-Einstein condensates, transferring photon squeezing to atomic ensembles, and generating spin squeezing via quantum non-demolition measurements.
As a crucial resource in the field of quantum metrology, spin squeezing can facilitate highly precise measurements that surpass the limitations imposed by classical physics. However, the quantum advantage of spin squeezing is significantly compromised by decoherence, thus impeding its practical implementation. Here, by investigating the influence of local dissipative environment on spin squeezing beyond the conventional Born-Markov approximation, we find a mechanism to protect spin squeezing from decoherence and show that robust spin squeezing can be achieved in the steady state. We outline an experimental proposal to verify our prediction in a trapped-ion platform. Overcoming the challenges set by decoherence in spin squeezing, our work provides guidance to realize high-precision sensing in realistic environments and sheds light on the effect of non-Markovian environment on quantum systems.
The work is organized in two main topics. At first we will outline the relation between spin squeezing, quantum metrology and entanglement detection, with a particular focus on the last. We will derive spin squeezing criteria for the detection of entanglement and its depth that outperform past approaches, especially for unpolarized states, recently produced in experiments and object of increasing interest in the community. Furthermore, we will extend the original definition of spin squeezed states by providing a new parameter that is thought to embrace different classes of states in a unified framework. Afterwards we consider a test of quantum principles in macroscopic objects originally designed by Leggett and Garg. In this case the scenario consists of a single party that is probed at different time instants and the quantum effect detected is the violation of Macrorealism (MR), due to strong correlations in time, rather than in space, between non-compatible observables. We will look at the problems of inconclusiveness of the LG tests arising from possible explanations of the results in terms of ``clumsy'' measurements, what has been termed ``clumsiness loophole''. We propose first a scheme to test and possibly falsify (MR) in macroscopic ensembles of cold atoms based on alternating Quantum Non-Demolition measurements and coherent, magnetically-driven collective spin rotations. Then we also propose a way to address the clumsiness loophole by introducing and computing an invasivity quantifier to add to the original LG expression. We provide numerical evidence that such a clumsiness-free test is feasible under state-of-the-art realistic experimental parameters and imperfections.
Recent years have witnessed revolutionary improvement in the production, manipulation, characterization and quantification of multiatom (multiqubit) states - because of their promising applications in high precision atomic clocks, atomic interferrometry, quantum metrology and quantum information protocols. In the characterization and quantification of non-classical atomic correlations, two concepts namely, spin squeezing and quantum entanglement emerge. While spin squeezing originates from the uncertainty relation between atomic collective angular momentum operators, entanglement is a peculiar phenomena arising due to superpositions in the multiparticle Hilbert space. Here, we outline different quantitative measures of spin squeezing and discuss the intrinsic relation of spin squeezing with quantum entanglement in multiqubit systems.