Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2112.10495

Feynman's Path Integral and Complementarity of One-Quantum Interference and Two-Quanta Interference

Gerold Wallner

Published Dec 15, 2021• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum information technology is one of the fastest growing sectors within information technology. By misleading interpretations of Bohr's definition of complementarity, the foundation of nonlocal correlations of entanglement is concealed and therefore, such nonlocal effects can apparently not be utilized directly in information technology. As the first step to identify the utilizable nonlocal property of entanglement, this paper adjusts the notion of complementarity of first-order and second-order interference. Especially, the nonlocal consequence of the "principle of least action" for entangled systems is shown by the foundation of second-order interference, the shared phase solutions space. Based on the concept of Feynman's path integral, the validity of the theory is demonstrated by applying the theory to well-known experiments, revealing this underlying nonlocal principle. In the next steps of publication, to highlight the relevance of this nonlocal principle for quantum computing and quantum information technology, the "self-consistency principle" of such nonlocal quantum causal correlations will be shown and verified by an experiment.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2112.10495

Related papers

Quantum correlations and causal structures

Issam Ibnouhsein

Recent works in foundations of quantum (field) theory and relativistic quantum information try to better grasp the interplay between the structure of quantum correlations and the constraints imposed by causality on physical operations. Chapter 1 is dedicated to the study of the conceptual implications of quantum nonlocality, a concept that subsumes that of entanglement in a certain way. We detail the recent information-theoretic approaches to understanding the structure of nonlocal correlations, and the issues the latter raise concerning the ability of local observers to isolate a system from its environment. Chapter 2 reviews in what sense imposing Poincare invariance affects entanglement detection and quantification procedures. This invariance ultimately forces a description of all quantum systems within the framework of quantum field theory, which leads to the impossibility of localized finite-energy states and to the divergence of all entanglement measures for local observers. We provide a solution to these two problems by showing that there exists a generic equivalence between a finite spatial resolution of the measurement apparatus and the exclusion of high-energy degrees of freedom from the definition of the observed system. This equivalence allows for an epistemic interpretation of the standard quantum formalism describing nonrelativistic localized systems and their correlations, hence a clarification of the origin of the finite measures of entanglement between such systems. Chapter 3 presents a recent theoretical framework that predicts the existence of correlations with indefinite causal order. In analogy to the information-theoretic approaches to nonlocal correlations, we introduce some principles that constrain the structure of such correlations, which is a first step toward a clear understanding of their physical origin.

arXiv:1510.01309•Oct 5, 2015•1 citation

Duality of quantum coherence and path distinguishability

Manabendra Nath Bera, Tabish Qureshi, Mohd Asad Siddiqui +1 more

We derive a generalized wave-particle duality relation for arbitrary multipath quantum interference phenomena. Beyond the conventional notion of the wave nature of a quantum system, i.e., the interference fringe visibility, we introduce a quantifier as the normalized quantum coherence, recently defined in the framework of quantum information theory. To witness the particle nature, we quantify the path distinguishability or the which-path information based on unambiguous quantum state discrimination. Then, the Bohr complementarity principle for multipath quantum interference can be stated as a duality relation between the quantum coherence and the path distinguishability. For two-path interference, the quantum coherence is identical to the interference fringe visibility, and the relation reduces to the well-known complementarity relation. The duality relation continues to hold in the case where mixedness is introduced due to possible decoherence effects.

arXiv:1503.02990•Physical Review A•Jul 22, 2015•254 citations

Quantum Entanglement as Intrinsic Correlated Structure of the Material Phase: A Two-Phase Information Conservation Approach

琼金 黄

AbstractQuantum entanglement remains one of the most profound mysteries in modern physics. Although Bell inequality violations have ruled out local hidden-variable theories, the physical origin of nonlocal correlations lacks a clear ontological foundation. This paper proposes that entanglement is not a fundamental property of quantum mechanics per se, but an emergent manifestation of an intrinsic topological correlated structure within the material phase (Ξ), driven by global two-phase information conservation. Embedded within the author’s information-energy accounting system, this framework derives Bell inequality violation from the principle of least action with two-phase coupling. We introduce observer coherence as a key parameter modulating nonlocal correlation efficiency and provide three testable predictions: observer coherence modulates entanglement decoherence rate, statistical anomalies in physical random number generators during global synchronized events, and a characteristic settlement delay signature in Bell experiments. This work unifies quantum entanglement with quantum measurement, black hole information processing, and cosmic dark energy dynamics under a single cross-scale information settlement paradigm. Keywords: quantum entanglement, Bell inequality, nonlocality, information conservation, topological order, principle of least action, decoherence, observer coherence

•Apr 15, 2026•0 citations

Quantum Entanglement and its Applications

Mohd Asad Siddiqui

This thesis is a dissemination of the work I have done in the last four years, under supervision of Prof. Tabish Qureshi. The central theme is towards the understanding of entanglement as a physical resource and looking for its possible applications. This thesis contains six chapters.The Chapter 1 provides the background knowledge for the thesis work, which includes the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics and the conceptual understanding of entanglement.The Chapter 2 unfolds the idea of fundamental concepts such as Bohr’s complementarity principle, quantum interference, which-path information, their trade-off relation, quantum eraser and also discuss how these issues play their role in building the foundations of quantum theory.The Chapter 3 is devoted to three slit interference experiments. The interference experiment is one of the most prominent concept of quantum theory. The two slit interference set-up is broadly studied and clearly understood, the synopsis for more than two slits are still not clear, recently a focussed research has been shifted towards three slit set-ups. We study the trade-off relation for three slit experiment in terms of visibility and the path distinguishability based on unambiguous quantum state discrimination (UQSD) method.The Chapter 4 discusses the wave-particle duality for multi-slit interference. Several attempts have been made in the past two decades to procure the trade-off relation for multi-slit experiments, yet a satisfactory answer was lacking. We obtain an analogous wave particle duality relation in terms of coherence and path-distinguishability based on UQSD. The role of coherence in building the interference pattern is largely admitted and their amount is readily stated by fringe visibility. Recently coherence has been understood as an information theoretical resource. We explore the measure of coherence as a wave quantifier rather than well known fringe visibility. We also analyze a recently proposed multi-path relation of Bagan et al. which claims to be in Englert’s form. We show that the proposed relation does not hold the essence of complementarity. We also derive a relation similar to Englert’s one to fill the exigency and to explicate its equivalence with our earlier proposed relation.The Chapter 5 discuss the scenario when the source is considered to be entangled. The entangled photon exhibits an interesting phenomenon known as ghost interference. The trade-off relation for two and three slit ghost experiment has been formulated, and also a doable quantum eraser has been proposed.The Chapter 6 aims to use the entanglement as a resource and develop the quantum information technologies, with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). We propose a QKD protocol using entangled qubits which is shown to add an additional security over the well known BB84 protocol.

•Oct 13, 2017•0 citations

Completing the Information Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Thomas Alexander Meyer

Quantum mechanics is a solidly founded mathematical theory, but it has yet to be explained in first conceptual principles. The most obvious aberration to explanation that quantum mechanics has is interference and coherence. We simply do not understand why the preparation of a quantum mechanical system must not allow knowledge of path in order to display interference effects. We present the first principles of the information interpretation which provide a proper conceptual foundation of quantum mechanics and also lead to an explanation of interference and coherence. The Information Interpretation In the history of the information interpretation of quantum mechanics there are many authors 1,2,3 whom argued that quantum mechanical systems are information, but these presentations of the interpretation have not been able to fully explain the demands of coherence and interference. We argue here that the other interpretations have lacked a “second principle ” that could properly clarify the issue. Specifically, they have lacked a principle that much like the principle of relativity theory is founded on a reasoning of consistency of all perspectives. The earliest of interpretations would all have presented the same underlying argument, that quantum mechanical systems are information, and some formalize this in the manner of truth value to proposition.

•May 1, 2013•0 citations

Do Quantum Nonlocal Correlations Imply Information Transfer?- A Simply Quantum Optical Test

R. Srikanth

In order to understand whether nonlocality implies information transfer, a quantum optical experimental test, well within the scope of current technology, is proposed. It is essentially a delayed choice experiment as applied to entangled particles. The basic idea is: given two observers sharing position-momentum entangled photons, one party chooses whether she measures position or momentum of her photons after the particles leave the source. The other party should infer her action by checking for the absence or presence of characteristic interference patterns after subjecting his particles to certain optical pre-processing. An occurance of signal transmission is attributed to the breakdown of complementarity in incomplete measurements. Since the result implies that the transferred information is classical, we discuss some propositions for safeguarding causality.

arXiv:quant-ph/0101023•Jan 4, 2001•0 citations
Quantum information technology is one of the fastest growing sectors within information technology. By misleading interpretations of Bohr's definition of complementarity, the foundation of nonlocal correlations of entanglement is concealed and therefore, such nonlocal effects can apparently not be utilized directly in information technology. As the first step to identify the utilizable nonlocal property of entanglement, this paper adjusts the notion of complementarity of first-order and second-order interference. Especially, the nonlocal consequence of the "principle of least action" for entangled systems is shown by the foundation of second-order interference, the shared phase solutions space. Based on the concept of Feynman's path integral, the validity of the theory is demonstrated by applying the theory to well-known experiments, revealing this underlying nonlocal principle. In the next steps of publication, to highlight the relevance of this nonlocal principle for quantum computing and quantum information technology, the "self-consistency principle" of such nonlocal quantum causal correlations will be shown and verified by an experiment.
Recent works in foundations of quantum (field) theory and relativistic quantum information try to better grasp the interplay between the structure of quantum correlations and the constraints imposed by causality on physical operations. Chapter 1 is dedicated to the study of the conceptual implications of quantum nonlocality, a concept that subsumes that of entanglement in a certain way. We detail the recent information-theoretic approaches to understanding the structure of nonlocal correlations, and the issues the latter raise concerning the ability of local observers to isolate a system from its environment. Chapter 2 reviews in what sense imposing Poincare invariance affects entanglement detection and quantification procedures. This invariance ultimately forces a description of all quantum systems within the framework of quantum field theory, which leads to the impossibility of localized finite-energy states and to the divergence of all entanglement measures for local observers. We provide a solution to these two problems by showing that there exists a generic equivalence between a finite spatial resolution of the measurement apparatus and the exclusion of high-energy degrees of freedom from the definition of the observed system. This equivalence allows for an epistemic interpretation of the standard quantum formalism describing nonrelativistic localized systems and their correlations, hence a clarification of the origin of the finite measures of entanglement between such systems. Chapter 3 presents a recent theoretical framework that predicts the existence of correlations with indefinite causal order. In analogy to the information-theoretic approaches to nonlocal correlations, we introduce some principles that constrain the structure of such correlations, which is a first step toward a clear understanding of their physical origin.
We derive a generalized wave-particle duality relation for arbitrary multipath quantum interference phenomena. Beyond the conventional notion of the wave nature of a quantum system, i.e., the interference fringe visibility, we introduce a quantifier as the normalized quantum coherence, recently defined in the framework of quantum information theory. To witness the particle nature, we quantify the path distinguishability or the which-path information based on unambiguous quantum state discrimination. Then, the Bohr complementarity principle for multipath quantum interference can be stated as a duality relation between the quantum coherence and the path distinguishability. For two-path interference, the quantum coherence is identical to the interference fringe visibility, and the relation reduces to the well-known complementarity relation. The duality relation continues to hold in the case where mixedness is introduced due to possible decoherence effects.
AbstractQuantum entanglement remains one of the most profound mysteries in modern physics. Although Bell inequality violations have ruled out local hidden-variable theories, the physical origin of nonlocal correlations lacks a clear ontological foundation. This paper proposes that entanglement is not a fundamental property of quantum mechanics per se, but an emergent manifestation of an intrinsic topological correlated structure within the material phase (Ξ), driven by global two-phase information conservation. Embedded within the author’s information-energy accounting system, this framework derives Bell inequality violation from the principle of least action with two-phase coupling. We introduce observer coherence as a key parameter modulating nonlocal correlation efficiency and provide three testable predictions: observer coherence modulates entanglement decoherence rate, statistical anomalies in physical random number generators during global synchronized events, and a characteristic settlement delay signature in Bell experiments. This work unifies quantum entanglement with quantum measurement, black hole information processing, and cosmic dark energy dynamics under a single cross-scale information settlement paradigm. Keywords: quantum entanglement, Bell inequality, nonlocality, information conservation, topological order, principle of least action, decoherence, observer coherence
This thesis is a dissemination of the work I have done in the last four years, under supervision of Prof. Tabish Qureshi. The central theme is towards the understanding of entanglement as a physical resource and looking for its possible applications. This thesis contains six chapters.The Chapter 1 provides the background knowledge for the thesis work, which includes the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics and the conceptual understanding of entanglement.The Chapter 2 unfolds the idea of fundamental concepts such as Bohr’s complementarity principle, quantum interference, which-path information, their trade-off relation, quantum eraser and also discuss how these issues play their role in building the foundations of quantum theory.The Chapter 3 is devoted to three slit interference experiments. The interference experiment is one of the most prominent concept of quantum theory. The two slit interference set-up is broadly studied and clearly understood, the synopsis for more than two slits are still not clear, recently a focussed research has been shifted towards three slit set-ups. We study the trade-off relation for three slit experiment in terms of visibility and the path distinguishability based on unambiguous quantum state discrimination (UQSD) method.The Chapter 4 discusses the wave-particle duality for multi-slit interference. Several attempts have been made in the past two decades to procure the trade-off relation for multi-slit experiments, yet a satisfactory answer was lacking. We obtain an analogous wave particle duality relation in terms of coherence and path-distinguishability based on UQSD. The role of coherence in building the interference pattern is largely admitted and their amount is readily stated by fringe visibility. Recently coherence has been understood as an information theoretical resource. We explore the measure of coherence as a wave quantifier rather than well known fringe visibility. We also analyze a recently proposed multi-path relation of Bagan et al. which claims to be in Englert’s form. We show that the proposed relation does not hold the essence of complementarity. We also derive a relation similar to Englert’s one to fill the exigency and to explicate its equivalence with our earlier proposed relation.The Chapter 5 discuss the scenario when the source is considered to be entangled. The entangled photon exhibits an interesting phenomenon known as ghost interference. The trade-off relation for two and three slit ghost experiment has been formulated, and also a doable quantum eraser has been proposed.The Chapter 6 aims to use the entanglement as a resource and develop the quantum information technologies, with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). We propose a QKD protocol using entangled qubits which is shown to add an additional security over the well known BB84 protocol.
Quantum mechanics is a solidly founded mathematical theory, but it has yet to be explained in first conceptual principles. The most obvious aberration to explanation that quantum mechanics has is interference and coherence. We simply do not understand why the preparation of a quantum mechanical system must not allow knowledge of path in order to display interference effects. We present the first principles of the information interpretation which provide a proper conceptual foundation of quantum mechanics and also lead to an explanation of interference and coherence. The Information Interpretation In the history of the information interpretation of quantum mechanics there are many authors 1,2,3 whom argued that quantum mechanical systems are information, but these presentations of the interpretation have not been able to fully explain the demands of coherence and interference. We argue here that the other interpretations have lacked a “second principle ” that could properly clarify the issue. Specifically, they have lacked a principle that much like the principle of relativity theory is founded on a reasoning of consistency of all perspectives. The earliest of interpretations would all have presented the same underlying argument, that quantum mechanical systems are information, and some formalize this in the manner of truth value to proposition.
In order to understand whether nonlocality implies information transfer, a quantum optical experimental test, well within the scope of current technology, is proposed. It is essentially a delayed choice experiment as applied to entangled particles. The basic idea is: given two observers sharing position-momentum entangled photons, one party chooses whether she measures position or momentum of her photons after the particles leave the source. The other party should infer her action by checking for the absence or presence of characteristic interference patterns after subjecting his particles to certain optical pre-processing. An occurance of signal transmission is attributed to the breakdown of complementarity in incomplete measurements. Since the result implies that the transferred information is classical, we discuss some propositions for safeguarding causality.