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arXiv:2111.04648 · Journal of the Optical Society of America A

Nanotubes as sinks for quantum particles

Constantinos A. Valagiannopoulos

Published Feb 14, 2022• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Nanotubes with proper thickness, size, and texture make ultra-efficient sinks for quantum particles traveling into specific background media. Several optimal semiconducting cylindrical layers are reported to achieve enhancement in the trapping of matter waves by two to three orders of magnitude. The identified shells can be used as pieces in quantum devices that involve the focusing of incident beams, spanning from charge pumps and superconducting capacitors to radiation pattern controllers and matter-wave lenses.

DOI
10.1364/josaa.449520

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Nanotubes with proper thickness, size, and texture make ultra-efficient sinks for quantum particles traveling into specific background media. Several optimal semiconducting cylindrical layers are reported to achieve enhancement in the trapping of matter waves by two to three orders of magnitude. The identified shells can be used as pieces in quantum devices that involve the focusing of incident beams, spanning from charge pumps and superconducting capacitors to radiation pattern controllers and matter-wave lenses.
Scattering of matter waves, present at multiple quantum setups, is required to be maximized in several applications from sensing and imaging to quantum switching and memory. The simplest case of a homogeneous spherical scatterer is rigorously solved and optimized with respect to its size, texture, and background by considering the effective quantum properties from a long directory of materials. In this context, several alternative layouts with maximal scattering efficiency are proposed, offering additional degrees of freedom in design without requirements for careful engineering of quantum texture. Many of the reported inclusions exhibit substantial selectivity in their scattering response, admitting them to operate as sharp filters for particle energies or sensitive detectors of electron beams.
A cornerstone in the operation of numerous detecting and sensing quantum setups is the sharp change in the response once a condition ceases to be effective; this regime is typically realized by perfectly cloaking a nanoinclusion from the propagating matter waves. Such a purpose is found well-served by optimally sized nanocylinders, embedded into a suitable quantum texture, that efficiently hide themselves from obliquely impinging electron beams. The optimal designs exhibit high selectivity for particle energies while being wideband with respect to incidence angles; these features render them deployable in various quantum devices from furtive sensors and detectors to quantum switches and matter-wave filters.
It has been recently reported that the electrical charge in a semiconductive carbon nanotube is not evenly distributed, but is divided into charge "islands." A clear understanding of tunneling phenomena can be useful to elucidate the mechanism for electrical conduction in nanotubes. This paper represents the first attempt to shed light on the aforementioned phenomenon through viewing tunneling as a natural consequence of "discrete trajectories." The relevance of this analysis is that it may provide further insight into the higher rate of tunneling processes, which makes tunneling devices attractive. In a situation involving particles impinging on a classically impenetrable barrier, the result of quantum mechanics that the probability of detecting transmitted particles falls off exponentially is derived without wave theory. This paper should provide a basis for calculating the charge profile over the length of the tube so that nanoscale devices' conductive properties may be fully exploited.
In the foreseeable future silicon based electronics will reach limits in miniaturization and switching speeds, imposed by fundamental physical constraints. The quest for smaller gates and higher processing speeds with the attendant increase of chip functional density will reach the point where quantum effects dominate. Alternative strategies will then be required to overcome the limitations of silicon; among the most promising are those exploiting the properties of biological molecules, notably microtubules. These have the advantages associated with carbon chemistry, including the scope for constructing large highly complex macromolecular assemblies, and share the exciting electronic properties of semi- and superconductors. Biological systems have the potential to bypass the limiting effects of single particle quantum systems through the interactions of complex molecules, necessarily based on hydrocarbon polymers.