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arXiv:2111.01424

Universal quantum gates by directly electrical nuclear manipulation get real

Jian Leng, Fan Yang, Xiang‐Bin Wang

Published Nov 2, 2021• 0 citations
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Abstract

Nuclear magnetic resonance as a matured technique has extensive applications. However, since controlling the magnetic field in micro regions is technically difficult, it is still quite challenging to precisely manipulate single quantum state through nuclear magnetic resonance. Here we explicitly show how to realize nuclear electric resonance where a nucleus is directly driven by electric field. Elementary universal quantum gates are constructed with well-designed external electric field. These universal gates are practicable for arbitrary S>1 spin nuclei. Our proposal improves the number of single-qubit operations by three orders of magnitude in its coherence time period, compared with indirectly electrical nuclear manipulation.

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Journal of Physics Condensed Matter•Sep 5, 2002•13 citations
Nuclear magnetic resonance as a matured technique has extensive applications. However, since controlling the magnetic field in micro regions is technically difficult, it is still quite challenging to precisely manipulate single quantum state through nuclear magnetic resonance. Here we explicitly show how to realize nuclear electric resonance where a nucleus is directly driven by electric field. Elementary universal quantum gates are constructed with well-designed external electric field. These universal gates are practicable for arbitrary S>1 spin nuclei. Our proposal improves the number of single-qubit operations by three orders of magnitude in its coherence time period, compared with indirectly electrical nuclear manipulation.
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This paper describes a general method for the manipulation of nuclear spins in zero magnetic field. In the absence of magnetic fields, the spins lose the individual information on chemical shifts and inequivalent spins can only be distinguished by nuclear gyromagnetic ratios and spin-spin couplings. For spin-12\frac{1}{2}21​ nuclei with different gyromagnetic ratios (i.e., different species) in zero magnetic field, we describe the scheme to realize a set of universal quantum logic gates, e.g., arbitrary single-qubit gates and a two-qubit controlled-not gate. This method allows for universal quantum control in systems which might provide promising applications in materials science, chemistry, biology, quantum information processing, and fundamental physics.
Abstract The precise control of nuclear spin states is crucial for a wide range of quantum technology applications. Here, we propose a fast and robust single-qubit gate in 87 Sr utilizing the concept of optical nuclear electric resonance (ONER). ONER exploits the interaction between the quadrupole moment of a nucleus and the electric field gradient generated by its electronic environment, enabling spin level transitions via amplitude-modulated laser light. We investigate the hyperfine structure of the 5s 2 1 S 0 → 5s5p 3 P 1 optical transition in neutral 87 Sr and identify the magnetic field strengths and laser parameters necessary to drive spin transitions between the m I = − 9 / 2 and m I = − 5 / 2 hyperfine levels in the ground state. Our simulations show that ONER could enable faster spin operations compared to the state-of-the-art oscillations in this ‘atomic qubit’. Moreover, we show that spin-flip operations exceeding 99.9% fidelity can be performed even in the presence of typical noise sources. These results pave the way for significant advances in nuclear spin control, opening new possibilities for quantum memories and other quantum technologies.
Zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides complementary analysis modalities to those of high-field NMR and allows for ultra-high-resolution spectroscopy and measurement of untruncated spin-spin interactions. Unlike for the high-field case, however, universal quantum control -- the ability to perform arbitrary unitary operations -- has not been experimentally demonstrated in zero-field NMR. This is because the Larmor frequency for all spins is identically zero at zero field, making it challenging to individually address different spin species. We realize a composite-pulse technique for arbitrary independent rotations of 1^11H and 13^{13}13C spins in a two-spin system. Quantum-information-inspired randomized benchmarking and state tomography are used to evaluate the quality of the control. We experimentally demonstrate single-spin control for 13^{13}13C with an average gate fidelity of 0.9960(2)0.9960(2)0.9960(2) and two-spin control via a controlled-not (CNOT) gate with an estimated fidelity of 0.990.990.99. The combination of arbitrary single-spin gates and a CNOT gate is sufficient for universal quantum control of the nuclear spin system. The realization of complete spin control in zero-field NMR is an essential step towards applications to quantum simulation, entangled-state-assisted quantum metrology, and zero-field NMR spectroscopy.
The nuclear spin of a phosphorus atom in silicon is considered as a promising quantum information carrier for quantum computing due to its long coherence time. Coherent control of the nuclear spin is typically realized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In this work, we theoretically propose that with the aid of hyperfine interactions and magnetic field gradients, fast electric-dipole-induced nuclear electric resonance (EDNER) can be achieved. The stronger EDNER (compared with NMR) arises from the combined effects of hyperfine interaction between the nuclear and electron spins and coupling between the electron spin and charge degrees of freedom mediated by magnetic field gradients in this scheme. By operating at specific working points, the nuclear-spin splitting becomes less sensitive to electrical noise, enabling long coherence times and high-fidelity quantum operations. All elctrical, addressable control of nuclear spins paves the way for scalable silicon-based quantum computing.
It is shown theoretically that by the use of two radio-frequency fields of the same resonance frequency but with the different phases and directions the degeneracy of the energy spectrum of a spin system with I = 3/2 is removed. This leads to four non-degenerate spin states which can be used as a platform for quantum computing. The feasibility of quantum computing based on a pure (without DC magnetic fields) nuclear quadrupole resonance technique is investigated in detail. Various quantum logic gates can be constructed by using different excitation techniques allowing different manipulations with the spin system states. Three realizations of quantum logic gates are considered: the application of an additional magnetic field with the resonance frequency, the amplitude modulation of one of the applied RF fields by the resonance frequency field, and the level-crossing method. It is shown that the probabilities of the resonance transitions depend on the method of excitation and on the direction of the excitation field. Feasibility of quantum computing is demonstrated with the examples of constructing a controlled-NOT logic gate using the resonance excitation technique and SWAP and NOT2 logic gates using the level-crossing method.