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arXiv:2105.08337 · Entropy

Characterization of a Two-Photon Quantum Battery: Initial Conditions, Stability and Work Extraction

Anna Delmonte, Alba Crescente, Matteo Carrega, Dario Ferraro, Maura Sassetti

Published May 14, 2021• 66 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We consider a quantum battery that is based on a two-level system coupled with a cavity radiation by means of a two-photon interaction. Various figures of merit, such as stored energy, average charging power, energy fluctuations, and extractable work are investigated, considering, as possible initial conditions for the cavity, a Fock state, a coherent state, and a squeezed state. We show that the first state leads to better performances for the battery. However, a coherent state with the same average number of photons, even if it is affected by stronger fluctuations in the stored energy, results in quite interesting performance, in particular since it allows for almost completely extracting the stored energy as usable work at short enough times.

DOI
10.3390/e23050612

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We consider a quantum battery that is based on a two-level system coupled with a cavity radiation by means of a two-photon interaction. Various figures of merit, such as stored energy, average charging power, energy fluctuations, and extractable work are investigated, considering, as possible initial conditions for the cavity, a Fock state, a coherent state, and a squeezed state. We show that the first state leads to better performances for the battery. However, a coherent state with the same average number of photons, even if it is affected by stronger fluctuations in the stored energy, results in quite interesting performance, in particular since it allows for almost completely extracting the stored energy as usable work at short enough times.
Quantum batteries represent one of the most promising applications of quantum thermodynamics, whose goal is not only to store energy inside small quantum systems but also to potentially leverage genuine quantum effects to outperform classical counterparts. In this context, however, energy fluctuations become extremely relevant and have a significant impact on the charging efficiency. In our work, we consider a simple yet paradigmatic model in which a flying qubit (the battery) coherently interacts with a single mode optical cavity (the charger) through a number conserving Jaynes-Cummings interaction. By making use of full-counting statistics techniques, we fully characterize the average charging power, its fluctuations and the associated charging efficiency for several different choices of initial states of the optical cavity, demonstrating that preparing the latter in a genuinely quantum non-Gaussian Fock state (rather than a classical or even non-classical Gaussian state) leads to a definite and (in principle) measurable advantage in all these figures of merit.
This paper discusses the evolving dynamics of a quantum battery (QB) model consisting of two qubits interacting with a cavity field via multi-photon transitions. Employing the Lindblad master equation to account for dissipative effects, we investigated energy charging, charging power, ergotropy, and energy fluctuations to ascertain optimal conditions for efficient energy storage and extraction. Our results elucidate that lower photon numbers and moderate coherent state result in higher energy peaks and more stable storage. The charging power underscores the significance of maximizing initial energy transfer rates while mitigating rapid power decay. Ergotropy, representing the maximum extractable energy, is highly sensitive to dissipation rates, with elevated photon numbers enhancing charging efficiency but reducing stability. Energy fluctuation reveals that systems with higher photon numbers exhibit greater instability, emphasizing the necessity for controlling dissipation to preserve energy stability.
A quantum battery (QB) is an energy storage and extraction device that is governed by the principles of quantum mechanics. Here we propose a three-level Dicke QB and investigate its charging process by considering three quantum optical states: a Fock state, a coherent state, and a squeezed state. The performance of the QB in a coherent state is significantly superior to that in a Fock or squeezed state. We show that the locked energy is positively related to the entanglement between the charger and the battery, and diminishing the entanglement increases the ergotropy. The role of quantum phase transitions in the charging process of the QB system is analyzed and we find that the behavior of maximum stored energy is jointly determined by ground and excited-state quantum phase transitions. We further demonstrate that, no matter what the initial state is, the stored energy can be completely extracted when NNN is small (N=10N=10N=10), far below the thermodynamic limit, and the charging power follows a behavior consistent with that of the stored energy.
Energy can be stored in quantum batteries by electromagnetic fields as chargers. In this paper, the performance of a quantum battery with single and double chargers is studied. It is shown that by using two independent charging fields, prepared in coherent states, the charging power of the quantum battery can be significantly improved, though the average number of embedded photons are kept the same in both scenarios. The results reveal that for the case of initially correlated states of the chargers, the amount of extractable energy, measured by ergotropy, is more than initially uncorrelated ones, with appropriate degrees of field intensity. Though the correlated chargers lead to greater reduction in the purity of the quantum battery, more energy and in turn more ergotropy are stored in this case. In addition, we study the battery-charger mutual information and von Neumann entropy and by using their relation we find that both quantum and classical correlations are generated between the quantum battery and chargers. We also study quantum consonance of the battery as the nonlocal coherence among its cells and find some qualitative relations between the generation of such correlations and the capability of energy storage in the quantum battery.
We consider a collection of two level systems, such as qubits, embedded into a microwave cavity as a promising candidate for the realization of high power quantum batteries. In this perspective, the possibility to design devices where the conventional single-photon coupling is suppressed and the dominant interaction is mediated by two-photon processes is investigated, opening the way to an even further enhancement of the charging performance. By solving a Dicke model with both single- and two-photon coupling we determine the range of parameters where the latter unconventional interaction dominates the dynamics of the system leading to better performances both in the charging times and average charging power of the QB compared to the single-photon case. In addition, the scaling of the maximum stored energy, fluctuations and charging power with the finite number of qubits NNN is inspected. While the energy and fluctuations scale linearly with NNN, the quadratic growth of the average power leads to a relevant improvement of the charging performance of quantum batteries based on this scheme with respect to the purely single-photon coupling case. Moreover, it is shown that the charging process is progressively faster by increasing the coupling from the weak to the ultra-strong regime.
Abstract We investigate a three-level quantum battery (QB) coupled to a two-mode cavity, focusing on VVV-type, Ξ\XiΞ-type and Λ\LambdaΛ-type atomic configurations. Three-level QBs exhibit enhanced complexity in their characteristic properties compared to two-level QBs, arising fundamentally from their distinctive energy level configurations. By investigating three distinct classes of initial cavity states—Fock states, coherent states, and squeezed states—we demonstrate that adjusting the ratio of photon numbers at distinct frequencies enhances both the maximum stored energy and ergotropy, while simultaneously reducing the time to reach maximum stored energy. Moreover, while the cavity-environment interaction inevitably induces persistent energy dissipation, strategic manipulation of frequency-dependent photon decay rates enables optimization of three critical performance metrics: the maximum stored energy, maximum ergotropy, and charging power at the initialization stage.