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arXiv:2104.00389

High-Speed Tunable Microcavities Coupled to Rare-Earth Quantum Emitters

Kangwei Xia, Fiammetta Sardi, Colin Sauerzapf, Thomas Kornher, Becker, Hans-Werner, Z. Kis, L. Kovács, Roman L. Kolesov, Jörg Wrachtrup

Published Apr 1, 2021• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Electro-optical control of on-chip photonic devices is an essential tool for efficient integrated photonics. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) is an emerging platform for on-chip photonics due to its large electro-optic coefficient and high nonlinearity [1]. Integrating quantum emitters into LNOI would extend their versatile use in classic photonics to quantum computing and communication [2, 3]. Here, we incorporate single rare-earth ions (REI) quantum emitters in electro-optical tunable lithium niobite (LN) thin films and demonstrate control of LN microcavities coupled to REI over a frequency range of 160 GHz with 5 \mus switching speed. Dynamical control of the cavities enables the modulation of the Purcell enhancement of the REIs with short time constants. Using the Purcell enhancement, we show evidence of detecting single Yb3+ ions in LN cavities. Coupling quantum emitters in fast tunable photonic devices is an efficient method to shape the waveform of the emitter [4]. It also offers a platform to encode quantum information in the integration of a spectral-temporal-spatial domain to achieve high levels of channel multiplexing, as well as an approach to generate deterministic single-photon sources [5, 6].

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2104.00389

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Electro-optical control of on-chip photonic devices is an essential tool for efficient integrated photonics. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) is an emerging platform for on-chip photonics due to its large electro-optic coefficient and high nonlinearity [1]. Integrating quantum emitters into LNOI would extend their versatile use in classic photonics to quantum computing and communication [2, 3]. Here, we incorporate single rare-earth ions (REI) quantum emitters in electro-optical tunable lithium niobite (LN) thin films and demonstrate control of LN microcavities coupled to REI over a frequency range of 160 GHz with 5 \mus switching speed. Dynamical control of the cavities enables the modulation of the Purcell enhancement of the REIs with short time constants. Using the Purcell enhancement, we show evidence of detecting single Yb3+ ions in LN cavities. Coupling quantum emitters in fast tunable photonic devices is an efficient method to shape the waveform of the emitter [4]. It also offers a platform to encode quantum information in the integration of a spectral-temporal-spatial domain to achieve high levels of channel multiplexing, as well as an approach to generate deterministic single-photon sources [5, 6].
Electro-optical control of on-chip photonic devices is an essential tool for efficient integrated photonics. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) is an emerging platform for on-chip photonics due to its large electro-optic coefficient and high nonlinearity. Integrating quantum emitters into LNOI would extend their versatility in classic photonics to quantum computing and communication. Here, we incorporate rare-earth ion (REI) quantum emitters into electro-optical tunable lithium niobite (LN) thin films and demonstrate control of LN microcavities coupled to REIs over a frequency range of 160 GHz with 5 µs switching speed. Dynamic control of the cavities enables modulation of the Purcell enhancement of REIs with short time constants. Using Purcell enhancement, we show evidence of detecting single Y b 3 + ions in LN cavities. Coupling quantum emitters in fast tunable photonic devices is an efficient method to shape the waveform of the emitter. It also offers a platform to encode quantum information in the integration of a spectral–temporal–spatial domain to achieve high levels of channel multiplexing, as well as an approach to generate deterministic single-photon sources.
Rare earth emitters enable critical quantum resources including spin qubits, single photon sources, and quantum memories. Yet, probing of single ions remains challenging due to low emission rate of their intra-4f optical transitions. One feasible approach is through Purcell-enhanced emission in optical cavities. The ability to modulate cavity-ion coupling in real-time will further elevate the capacity of such systems. Here, we demonstrate direct control of single ion emission by embedding erbium dopants in an electro-optically active photonic crystal cavity patterned from thin-film lithium niobate. Purcell factor over 170 enables single ion detection, which is verified by second-order autocorrelation measurement. Dynamic control of emission rate is realized by leveraging electro-optic tuning of resonance frequency. Using this feature, storage, and retrieval of single ion excitation is further demonstrated, without perturbing the emission characteristics. These results promise new opportunities for controllable single-photon sources and efficient spin-photon interfaces.
The necessity for scalable, reliable and reproducible quantum systems is raising in the time for appealing potentialities in application of this technology. On-chip photonic solutions are a leading competitor by combining established classical fabrication technologies, integrated photonics and quantum optical effects. Lithium Niobate on insulator (LNOI) is one of the main contenders for the integration of on-chip functionality. Rare Earth Ions (REI) already proved many different good properties in term of optical and spin features as well as good integration through implantation. In particular, 171Ytterbium showed to have clock transitions in the zero phonon line at zero field which would screen magnetic noise from high spin materials. Here the possibility to create a reconfigurable interferometer on-chip by the employment of fabrication techniques has been showed with the creation of LN structures, interconnecting infrastructure and far field coupling from SU8 resist. Moreover, doping Lithium niobate photonic crystal cavities has been investigated to be employed as switchable single photon sources.
Single quantum emitters coupled to optical cavities in the Purcell regime can be used as high-efficiency spin-photon interfaces that are essential for building a quantum network. Furthermore, the dynamical control of the spontaneous emission rate of quantum emitters can have important implications in quantum technologies, e.g. for shaping the emitted photons waveform, or for driving coherently the optical transition while preventing photon emission. Here we demonstrate the dynamical Purcell-enhanced emission of a mesoscopic ensemble of erbium ions doped into nanocrystals coupled to a fully-tunable high-finesse fiber-based optical microcavity. Erbium has excellent optical and spin coherence properties at cryogenic temperatures and, in addition, has a transition in the telecom band that can facilitate integration into existing commercial telecom fibers. We show that we can tune the cavity on and out of resonance at a rate of above 8 KHz, which is two orders of magnitude faster that the natural lifetime of the erbium ions (55 Hz), and a factor of five faster than the Purcell enhanced emission (1.8 KHz). This allows us to shape in real time the Purcell enhanced emission of the ions and to achieve full control over the emitted photon’s waveforms. With moderate improvements in our detection efficiency and cavity finesse, this capability will allow for the generation of single telecom photons with controllable wave-shape from single erbium ions and for the realization of quantum processing between rare-earth ion qubits using dipolar interactions.
Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI), thanks to its electro-optic properties and second order nonlinearity, is one of the most promising photonic materials for on-chip implementation of a complex photonic integrated circuit (PIC) [1]. Integration of rare earth ion emitters (RIE), characterized by high coherent transitions in both optical and microwave domains, into LNOI is a very attractive perspective to fully exploit the potential of this material in quantum optics applications and for on chip light generation and amplification. By choosing Erbium ions these functionalities can be implemented at telecom wavelengths (~1550 nm). Erbium integration in LNOI can be achieved using the smart cut technique [2]. However, this approach implies heating the material up to ~1100 °C, approaching the Curie temperature of lithium niobate (~1200 °C). Ion implantation also permits the incorporation of RIE into the lithium niobate (LN) crystal structure, operating at lower temperature with high spatial precision of the doped region in a complex PIC.
Rare-earth ion ensembles doped in single crystals are a promising materials system with widespread applications in optical signal processing, lasing, and quantum information processing. Incorporating rare-earth ions into integrated photonic devices could enable compact lasers and modulators, as well as on-chip optical quantum memories for classical and quantum optical applications. To this end, a thin film single crystalline wafer structure that is compatible with planar fabrication of integrated photonic devices would be highly desirable. However, incorporating rare-earth ions into a thin film form-factor while preserving their optical properties has proven challenging. We demonstrate an integrated photonic platform for rare-earth ions doped in a single crystalline thin film lithium niobate on insulator. The thin film is composed of lithium niobate doped with Tm 3+ . The ions in the thin film exhibit optical lifetimes identical to those measured in bulk crystals. We show narrow spectral holes in a thin film waveguide that require up to 2 orders of magnitude lower power to generate than previously reported bulk waveguides. Our results pave the way for scalable on-chip lasers, optical signal processing devices, and integrated optical quantum memories.