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arXiv:2103.11867 · Physical Review A

Measurement of the dynamic polarizability of Dy atoms near the 626-nm intercombination line

Marian Kreyer, Jeong Ho Han, Cornelis Ravensbergen, Vincent Le Corre, Elisa Soave, Emil Kirilov, Rudolf Grimm

Published Sep 10, 2021• 8 citations
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Abstract

The authors introduce a scheme to measure the dynamical polarizability of trapped ultracold atoms on both sides of a resonance through modulation spectroscopy in an optical lattice. The authors then demonstrate the scheme by measuring the scalar and the tensorial part of the anisotropic polarizability of Dy atoms near the 626-nm intercombination line using K as a reference species.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.104.033106

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The authors introduce a scheme to measure the dynamical polarizability of trapped ultracold atoms on both sides of a resonance through modulation spectroscopy in an optical lattice. The authors then demonstrate the scheme by measuring the scalar and the tensorial part of the anisotropic polarizability of Dy atoms near the 626-nm intercombination line using K as a reference species.
We report experimental measurements of the dynamical polarizability of dysprosium, at a wavelength of 532 nm. We measure all three components (scalar, vector, and tensor) of the anisotropic polarizability for the ground and the excited manifolds of the intercombination transition of Dy at 626 nm. The apparatus on which the measurements are performed is presented. We obtain with this setup imaging of single Dy atoms with fidelity above 99% and losses below 2.5% induced by imaging. We then describe the methods used to extract the polarizability. In particular, we combine a measurement of trap frequency and trap depth on single atoms in optical tweezers, allowing us to obtain a measurement of the ground-state polarizability free of errors in trap waist calibration. The obtained values give a magic condition between two Zeeman states in the ground and excited manifolds, which is used to image single atoms in optical tweezer arrays. The scalar polarizability of the ground state is in disagreement with theoretical expectations, calling for future investigations to resolve the discrepancy.
Open-shell lanthanide atoms, and dysprosium in particular, combine a large ground-state angular momentum with dense electronic spectra, making their dynamical polarizability strongly dependent on wavelength and internal state, and therefore challenging to calculate and characterize experimentally. This issue has become especially relevant with the recent development of single-atom trapping of dysprosium in optical-tweezer arrays, where precise knowledge of the polarizability is needed to design optimized trapping architectures. Here, we exploit the strong spin-dependent light shift near the J′=J−1J'=J-1J′=J−1 intercombination line at 530.306 nm to determine the background scalar and vector polarizabilities of 162^{162}162Dy in its ground state near this wavelength. Our measurements quantitatively agree with atomic-structure calculations and provide new insight into the contributions of nearby transitions in a spectral region relevant to emerging dysprosium tweezer platforms.
We report a measurement of the dynamical polarizability of dysprosium atoms in their electronic ground state at the optical wavelength of 1064 nm, which is of particular interest for laser trapping experiments. Our method is based on collective oscillations in an optical dipole trap, and reaches unprecedented accuracy and precision by comparison with an alkali atom (potassium) as a reference species. We obtain values of 184.4(2.4) and 1.7(6) a.u. for the scalar and tensor polarizability, respectively. Our experiments have reached a level that permits meaningful tests of current theoretical descriptions and provides valuable information for future experiments utilizing the intriguing properties of heavy lanthanide atoms.
We characterize the anisotropic differential ac-Stark shift for the Dy 626nm626\phantom{\rule{3.33333pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}626nm intercombination transition, induced in a far-detuned 1070nm1070\phantom{\rule{3.33333pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}1070nm optical dipole trap, and observe the existence of a ``magic polarization'' for which the polarizabilities of the ground and excited states are equal. From our measurements we extract both the scalar and tensorial components of the dynamic dipole polarizability for the excited state, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E}^{\text{s}}=188(12){\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\text{0}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{E}^{\text{t}}=34(12){\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\text{0}}$, respectively, where ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\text{0}}$ is the atomic unit for the electric polarizability. We also provide a theoretical model allowing us to predict the excited state polarizability and find qualitative agreement with our observations. Furthermore, we utilize our findings to optimize the efficiency of Doppler cooling of a trapped gas, by controlling the sign and magnitude of the inhomogeneous broadening of the optical transition. The resulting initial gain of the collisional rate allows us, after forced evaporation cooling, to produce a quasipure Bose-Einstein condensate of 162Dy^{162}\mathrm{Dy}162Dy with $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ atoms.
Abstract The efficiency of the optical trapping of ultracold atoms depends on the atomic dynamic dipole polarizability governing the atom-field interaction. In this article, we have calculated the real and imaginary parts of the dynamic dipole polarizability of dysprosium in the ground and first excited levels. Due to the high electronic angular momentum of those two states, the polarizabilities possess scalar, vector and tensor contributions that we have computed, on a wide range of trapping wavelengths, using the sum-over-state formula. Using the same formalism, we have also calculated the C 6 coefficients characterizing the van der Waals interaction between two dysprosium atoms in the two lowest levels. We have computed the energies of excited states and the transition probabilities appearing in the sums, using a combination of ab initio and least-square-fitting techniques provided by the Cowan codes and extended in our group. Regarding the real part of the polarizability, for field frequencies far from atomic resonances, the vector and tensor contributions are two-orders-of-magnitude smaller than the scalar contribution, whereas for the imaginary part, the vector and tensor contributions represent a noticeable fraction of the scalar contribution. Finally, our anisotropic C 6 coefficients are much smaller than those published in the literature.