Stripe and junction-vortex phases in linearly coupled Bose-Einstein condensates

Abstract

Soon after its theoretical prediction, striped-density states in the presence of synthetic spin-orbit coupling were realized in Bose-Einstein condensates of ultracold neutral atoms [J.-R. Li et al., Nature 543, 91 (2017)]. The achievement opens avenues to explore the interplay of superfluidity and crystalline order in the search for supersolid features and materials. The system considered is essentially made of two linearly coupled Bose-Einstein condensates, that is, a pseudo-spin-$1/2$ system, subject to a spin-dependent gauge field ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{z}\ensuremath{\hbar}{k}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$. Under these conditions, the stripe phase is achieved when the linear coupling $\ensuremath{\hbar}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}/2$ is small against the gauge energy $m\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}/\ensuremath{\hbar}{k}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{2}<1$. The resulting density stripes have been interpreted as a standing-wave interference pattern with approximate wave number $2{k}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$. Here, we show that the emergence of the stripe phase is induced by an array of Josephson vortices living in the junction defined by the linear coupling. As happens in superconducting junctions subject to external magnetic fields, a vortex array is the natural response of the superfluid system to the presence of a gauge field. Also similar to superconductors, the Josephson currents and their associated vortices can be present as a metastable state in the absence of gauge field. We provide closed-form solutions to the 1D mean-field equations that account for such vortex arrays. The underlying Josephson currents coincide with the analytical solutions to the sine-Gordon equation for the relative phase of superconducting junctions [C. Owen and D. Scalapino, Phys. Rev. 164, 538 (1967)].